The Daily PANCE PANRE Question 27

A 32-year-old male presents with dyspnea and a nonproductive cough. His is tachycardic, tachypneic and febrile. Auscultation of his chest reveals scattered rhonchi. His chest x-ray demonstrates a diffuse interstitial infiltrates. His ABG demonstrates moderate hypoxemia and his LDH is elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis? Streptococcal pneumoniae pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Bowen's disease Steven-Johnson syndrome Answer: C Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Formerly PCP Pneumonia now called (PJP) Pneumocystis jiroveci. Many AIDS patients present initially with PJP. These are the classic signs and symptomsof PJP pneumonia. While mycoplasma patients can be acutely ill, they are more likely (especially on the Boards) to present as mildly ill with a normal physical exam and no hypoxia. S. pneumo is the most common community-acquired pneumonia but would present with a focal/lobar consolidation. Common in HIV-infected patients with a low CD4 count of less than 200 Prophylaxis for high-risk patients with a CD4 count of less than 200 or with a history of PJP infection Know Your NCCPA Content Blueprint Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP)is covered in theNCCPA Content Blueprint Pulmonary System (12%) Learn more about Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumoniaand take the interactive lesson quizat Smarty PANCE HIV-related pneumonia Note: * This is part of the Daily PANCE and PANRE in your inbox email series: 60 days of PANCE and PANRE Questions and Answers delivered directly to your inbox. It is a great and fun way to learn! If you haven't already, you can sign up for FREE by clicking Here. Help support The PA Life for FREE! This is provided as an opportunity for anyone who appreciates this email series to help support it painlessly. If you are going to be purchasing anything from Amazon.com (books, school supplies, etc.) simply start your next Amazon.com purchase by clicking here... it's a free way for you to help support the cause! Just click over to Amazon.com then, when you make your purchase, Amazon will send a portion of the proceeds to The Physician Assistant Life. The money goes toward paying for one-time and ongoing costs (like equipment, hosting, backup services, etc.). Thank you for supporting the site and keeping this content free! If you are studying for the PANCE or the PANRE I recommend thesereview books The Daily PANCE PANRE Question 27 A 32 year-old male presents with dyspnea and a nonproductive cough. His is tachycardic, tachypneic and febrile. Auscultation of his chest reveals scattered rhonchi. His chest x-ray demonstrates a diffuse interstitial infiltrate. His ABG demonstrates moderate hypoxemia and his LDH is elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Streptococcal pneumoniae pneumonia B. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia C. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia D. Bowen's disease E. Steven-Johnson syndrome Answer: C,Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Many AIDS patients present initially with PCP. These are the classic sns sxs of PCP pneumonia. While mycoplasma patients can be acutely ill, they are more likely (especially on the Boards) to present as mildly ill with normal PE and no hypoxia. S. pneumo is the most common CAP, but would present with a focal/lobar consolidation. Help Keep The Physician Assistant Life FREE! This is provided as an opportunity for anyone who appreciates this email series to help support it painlessly. If you are going to be purchasing anything from Amazon.com (books, school supplies, etc.) simply start your next Amazon.com purchase byclicking here... it's a free way for you to help support the cause! Justclick over to Amazon. Then, when you make your purchase, Amazon will send a portion of the proceeds to The Physician Assistant Life. The money goes toward paying for one-time and ongoing costs (like equipment, hosting, backup services, etc.). Thank you for supporting the site and keeping this content free! If you are studying for the PANCE or the PANRE I recommend theseReview Books.

Essay Samples on Racism

Essay Samples on RacismThe essay samples on racism have a difficult task to accomplish. First of all, it is crucial to understand what the term 'racism' means before using it in the essay. If you do not understand the term, then that's an issue for you to deal with.Word by word, or sentence by sentence, you need to present your arguments in the right way. In fact, when writing about race relations, if you don't try to put your argument in the correct terms, it won't be successful. You need to understand that no matter how the data has been obtained, the data still has to be accepted as valid. It has to be accepted and utilized by people in society.Of course, an academic approach is necessary to tell the truth. However, many people will not understand the academic approach unless they have experienced it personally. On the other hand, some people might choose to say nothing at all, and just give a sample of a paper.Then, you have to select the words that make the most impact. Writing the words will not make your essay stand out; it will merely make it sound like you are being rude to someone else. Thus, you have to select the words that you want to use so that you make your essay so different from others.The essay samples on racism do not contain words that are politically incorrect. You must give everyone a chance to read it. No one can take this away from you and try to pressure you into not reading it.On the other hand, the example essay samples that are listed on the internet, for example, might contain words that are more controversial. However, you need to check the research before you buy the sample. The research may not be conclusive. If you find a sampling service that has been researched and is accurate, then there is no reason why you can't try it. However, when you start researching, keep in mind that everything you read should be factual. Avoid being swayed by the Internet.

Love And Shakespeare Essay - 823 Words

Love and Shakespeare The love theme in Shakespeares Twelfth Night is confusing but at the same time entertaining. The love triangle involving Viola, disguised as Cesario, is in love with Orsino. Orsino is in love with Olivia. Olivia, however, loves Cesario. Orsino tries to woo Olivia with the language of love; however, his many attempts fail because the heart cannot be controlled. Orsino, a man in love with love itself, is on a mission to win the heart of his current object of affection, the Lady Olivia. She, however, has somewhat different plans as she envisions herself married to the lovely Cesario. Shakespeares beautiful sonnets 18 and 73 describe the changes in season and the passages of time that correlate with the plays main†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare begins with, quot;Shall I compare thee to a summers day? / Thou art more lovely and temperate: / Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, / And summers lease hath too short a date . . .quot;(I-4). In sonnet 73, Shakespeare writes, quot;That time of year thou mayst in me behold / When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang / Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, / Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang,quot; (1-4). Shakespeare wrote two different sonnets that referred to a change in weather. These comparisons are similar to those in Twelfth Night. The stormy weather brings confusion for Viola when she lands on Illyria. The calming of the weather in Twelfth Night resembles happiness and a new beginning just like the summers day in sonnet 18. Another similarity between the sonnets of Shakespeare and Twelfth Night is the comprehension of the one day dying. In sonnet 18, Shakespeare makes the reader come to the realization that even though the person will one-day die, they will never fade away from memory because they will live eternally through words. Shakespeare emphasizes that a person cannot live forever in his bodily form, but he surely will be alive in spirit so long as the poem lives. In Twelfth Night, Duke Orsino comes to comprehend that no matter how hard he tries, Lady Olivia is never going to change her feelings for him. This understanding comes after Orsino realizes thatShow MoreRelatedTheme in Shakespeare in Love1207 Words   |  5 Pagesidea worth learning about in the text. Explain why it was worth learning about. John Madden’s Shakespeare in love is a ‘romantic comedy’ set in sixteenth century England. Through its two unfortunate protagonists, Will Shakespeare ‘a lowly player’ with writer’s block and wealthy Viola De Lesseps who dreams of ‘love as there has never been in a play,’ it explores the idea of ‘the truth and nature of love’ in the Elizabethan era. Madden portrays the harsh realities of the time through filmatic techniquesRead More Shakespeare In Love -Combination of Romantic Comedy and Shakespearean Tragedy1505 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare In Love -Combination of Romantic Comedy and Shakespearean Tragedy William Shakespeare once told us, All the World’s a Stage —and now his quote can be applied to his own life as it is portrayed in the recent film, Shakespeare In Love. This 1998 motion picture prospered with the creative scripting of Tom Stoppard and Marc Norman and direction of John Madden. The combined effort of these men, on top of many other elements, produced a film that can equally be enjoyed by the ShakespeareRead MoreResearch Paper on the Fine Arts (Film): Shakespeare in Love521 Words   |  2 Pagesto educate the masses. An example of a film delving the fine arts form is Shakespeare in Love. Shakespeare in Love is a film that was produced in 1988, and is classified as a British romance-comedy-drama. This film is written by the playwright Tom Stoppard, and writer Marc Norman while the director of the film is John Madden. The star lineups for the cast of Shakespeare in Love are Joseph Fiennes playing Will Shakespeare, Gwyneth Paltrow as Viola de Lesseps, Geoffrey Rush playing Philip HensloweRead MoreLasting Love in Shakespeare1145 Words   |  5 Pagesfights, but true love perseveres. When reading â€Å"Marriage of True Minds† by William Shakespeare and listening to â€Å"I Won’t Give Up† by Jason Mraz, readers and listeners are showed time and time again that love can make it through anything. Both the poem and the song represent the same idea and theme that true love is tough. While â€Å"I Won’t Give Up† focuses more on telling what he will do for her and why he is doing it, â€Å"Marriage of True Minds† explains all the aspects of what love really is or shouldRead MoreThe Truth and Nature of Love in Shakespeare in Love1225 Words   |  5 Pagesanswer. John Madden’s Shakespeare in Love is a ‘romantic comedy’ set in the class-dominated society of Elizabethan England. The two protagonists and â€Å"Star-crossed lovers† of the film come from completely different ends of the class spectrum. Will Shakespeare is a â€Å"lowly player† with writer’s block searching for his muse and wealthy Viola De Lesseps who dreams of â€Å"love as there has never been in a play† are fortune’s fools as the viewer must come to realise that love cannot conquer all. MaddenRead MoreShakespeare in Love Essay2078 Words   |  9 PagesThe movie that is being compared to a story here is one of the all-time best. The main theme portrayed in Shakespeare in Love is a love that is never meant to be. Shakespeare in Love parallels the play Shakespeare is currently working on, Romeo and Juliet, in which love is not meant to be due to the many obstacles in the way. Shakespeares life in the film is very com parable to Romeos life in Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeares life in the film and the play he is writing hasRead More Shakespeare In Love Essay example985 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare In Love with Queen Elizabeth Shakespeare In Love dominated the Oscars in 1998 bringing home seven academy awards including best picture. At Consumnes River College, a film professor argued to his class that Saving Private Ryan should have won the award. The whole class, which I attended, obediently agreed. Only after studying Renaissance literature, I realize our mistake. Shakespeare In Love accurately portrays Renaissance England and the birth of English drama, which is theRead MoreEssay on Shakespeare as a Real Man in Shakespeare in Love2553 Words   |  11 PagesShakespeare as a Real Man in Shakespeare in Love Shakespeare has been presented in myriad versions, from the traditional to the almost unrecognizable. Directors and actors have adapted him as long as his plays have been performed. Some feel that without Shakespeare ´s original poetry, audiences are robbed of the opportunity to experience the cleverness, poetry, and majesty of the language - Shakespeare ´s genius. Others feel that modern adaptations don ´t challenge viewersRead MoreMarriage Of Love By William Shakespeare885 Words   |  4 PagesOkeke Course-ENGL 200 Instructor-Prof.Scott. Maisano Date-10-20-15 (Revised Essay) Marriage of Love (Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare) ‘’Love is not love,’’ alters when it alteration finds,’’ or bends with the remover to remove’’ the first phrase ‘’Love is not love,’’ alter when it alteration finds, simply means that love is not love when it continues to change even when one person has noticed that their beloved has changed. However, If one partner changes, theRead MoreLove And Death By William Shakespeare924 Words   |  4 Pagesmost popular topics in poems or sonnets are about love or death. The brilliant William Shakespeare also considered England s national poet, was an English actor, poet, and playwright who is considered to be the greatest writer in the English language during the Renaissance era. He wrote thirty eight plays, one hundred and fifty four sonnets, and two long narrative poems. Many of Shakespeare’s sonnets, poems, and plays focuses on the topic of love including the Sonnet 116 â€Å"Let me not to the marri age

Human Trafficking Is Affected By Supply And Demand

Lastly, as with any business model, human trafficking in Japan is affected by supply and demand. The legalization of sex related business has led to a large market for sex tourists and local individuals who wish to engage in sexual activities. Also, a part of Japanese culture, which focuses on a man’s â€Å"need† for sex to promote physical health has led to the social acceptance of the sex industry. Incompetence and corruption in Japan’s government affects the prevalence of human trafficking. One such example of incompetence is an incident wherein reports by non-governmental organizations estimated that approximately 3,400 foreign workers recruited as â€Å"trainees† in 2012, were potential victims of labor trafficking. When confronted with this evidence, Japan’s government was reluctant to consider any illegal workers as trafficking victims. Instead, Japan defined them as victims of contract fraud. A prime example of governmental corruption in Jap an concerns an ex-government official who accepted a $54,000 bribe to use government connections to facilitate the granting of entertainment visas to 280 Filipina women. The visas were granted by officials in the Department of Justice and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The government has not investigated or prosecuted any individuals allegedly involved in this trafficking-related corruption case. There is also a major lack of victim protection by Japan’s government. According to globalministries.org â€Å"Forty of forty three identifiedShow MoreRelatedSex Trafficking And Human Trafficking Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human trafficking brings in billions of dollars into the U.S and all around the world. â€Å"The prime motive for such outrageous abuse is simple: money. In this $12 billion global business just one woman trafficked into the industrialized world can net her captors an average $67,000 a year† (Baird 2007). The laws around human trafficking are not strict and vary depending on what country it is happening in. Human trafficking is not something that is strictly foreign, itRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The United States1417 Words   |  6 Pagesvictims of human trafficking. Every country has this problem and it has become the 3rd largest illegal industry worldwide. Human Trafficking is the trade of humans mainly for sexual slavery, but also forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker and sometimes others who take part in this act. Human trafficking is also used for organs or tissues, including surrogacy, ova removal, or making these victims spouses for traffickers or their customers. Human trafficking is definedRead MoreDisappearances Occur All The Time1587 Words   |  7 Pageshave no strict regulations against human trafficking. Should this mean, that, the economic benefit of a country from human trafficking justify tolerating it? Many of its victims are commonly trafficked into forced labor, forced sexual labor and domestic labor (Ferrell 2015). Their victims are kept in barbaric living conditions. Under these circumstances, they live horrid and short lives as psychological disorders drive them to seek death as an alternative. Their human rights ignored. Therefore, the economicRead MoreThe Global Slave Trade By David Batstone Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesThe global slave trade encapsulates many different types of slavery, a major one being sexual trafficking. Nadia’s story and Padre Cesare’s rescue missions portrayed in Not For Sale help to show some of the horrendous aspects of sexual exploitation. One main problem presented by David Batstone is the corruption of law enforcement, especially in regards to human trafficking. Batstone claims that police officers â€Å"[open] border crossings for traffickers, [shield] them from arrest at the hands of theirRead MoreThe Unjust Trade And Enslavement Of Human Beings927 Words   |  4 Pagesunjustified trade and enslavement of human beings is known as human trafficking. Traffic victims are most times compelled to sell their freedom, and are subject to coercive subjugation. Human trafficking occurs throughout the United States and globally. Trafficking of person is driven by high profits and low risk, as traffickers generate billions o f dollars yearly, and a low chance of the activities of traffickers been discovered by appropriate authorities. Trafficking of humans ultimately has grave consequencesRead MoreChallenges Of Transnational Organized Crime1260 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussing the challenges human trafficking, drug trafficking, corruption and bribes, and illegal logging. At the end of each of the organised crime security challenges, this essay will discuss how these challenges differ from traditional security threats. The traditional security paradigm is focused on physical and external security threats to states. It promotes that security should be state centred and national security is primary over other securities, such as human security. States must defendRead MoreOverview of Victimology1726 Words   |  7 Pageshas well established links and that is rampant in the U.S, and by addition the entire world is human trafficking (Daigle, 2012). Findings by the United States department of Justice published in 2011; cited that the state had opened 2,515 cases of suspected cases of human trafficking. The report further cited that 82% of the suspected cases of human trafficking incidents were confirmed as sex trafficking crimes. Further statistics provided in the report state that of the 83% nearly half of the victimologyRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Form Of Modern Day Slavery1568 Words   |  7 PagesModern Times Slaves Human trafficking is a form of modern day slavery where its perpetrators profit from control, exploitation, coercion and defrauding of others through forced labor, or sexual exploitation and in some cases both. Sexual exploitation is the most prevalent form of human trafficking especially in the United States. Even though accurate statistics are rare in this field, those currently existing approximate that massive numbers of women and girls are sold for sexual exploitation withinRead MorePornography Addiction Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesSexual exploitation by selling sex is one of the oldest businesses in human history. But the world has never seen such an increase in the acceptance of pornography than in the last 25 years. Neither has the world ever been in a place where sexually explicit material is so accessible to everyone, in the privacy of their own homes, due to the internet. Because of the growth of the social acceptance and universal accessibility of pornography, the eff ects have been widespread and damaging. PornographyRead MoreThe Unspoken Captivity : Retrospectives On Human Trafficking3262 Words   |  14 PagesCaptivity: Retrospectives on Human Trafficking Brandon Howell, Kyounga McElroy, Susan Pawlak, Barbara Gardner Davenport University â€Æ' The Unspoken Captivity: Retrospectives on Human Trafficking Human trafficking is a method of modern day slavery which entails the illegal trade of persons for sexual exploitation or forced labor. Each year thousands of men, women and children are victims of this suppression. Countless countries including the United States are affected by trafficking. Habitually, traffickers

Character Traits Ideas for Your Short Story

Whether you need to identify character traits to do a character analysis, or you are trying to come up with traits to develop a character for your own story, it is always helpful to see a list of examples as a tool for brainstorming. Character traits are the qualities of a certain person, whether they are physical or emotional. You determine some traits by observing the way a character looks. You infer other traits by paying attention to the way the character behaves. Need some practice? You can practice naming character traits by using one-word answers to describe a family member. You might describe your father as: tallcomicalmoodyfaithfulchubby If you think about it, you know some of these characteristics by looking at your father. Others, you only know from experience over time. The traits that make up a character are not always stated in a story; you will have to determine each characters qualities as you read, by thinking about that persons actions. Here are a few traits we can infer from actions: Jesse had no idea how deep the river was. He just jumped.Trait: reckless Amanda had no idea why everyone else was laughing as she strolled around the room in mismatched shoes.Trait: clueless Susan jumped every time the door opened.Trait: jittery If you are trying to write a descriptive essay about a character in a book, search through the book and place a sticky note in the pages that contain interesting words or actions involving your character. Then go back and read the passages again to gain some sense of personality. Note: This is when an electronic book comes in very handy! You can do a word search with your character name. Always ry to find an e-version of a book if you need to write any type of book report or review. List of Traits It is sometimes helpful to consult a list of examples to boost your own imagination. This list of traits may prompt you to identify a trait in a character youre studying. adventurousagitatedbear-likebeastlybelievablebroodingcharitablecleverclownishcomicalcrookedcuriousdaringdauntingdauntlessdeardejecteddemeaningdementeddetermineddevilishdodgydoom-filleddourdowncastdrolleasy-goingeccentricedgyegotisticalemaciatedenchantingenthrallingexceptionalextrovertedexuberantfastidiousfeeblefiendishfishyforgivingfrankfree-spiritedgabbygiftedgiganticglowinggo-gettergolden-hairedgood-naturedgoofygossipygrimgroundedgulliblehappyhatefulhauntingheroichigh-maintenancehomeyhumanitarianickyill at easeimpertinentimpulsiveincapableinconsiderateinsolentintrovertedjitteryjocularjollyjovialkindlankylaughablelazylethargiclistlesslonginglong-windedlovelylovingloyalmalleablemanlymannerlessmasterfulmeanderingmerrymirthfulmiserablemiserlymockingnervousneuroticomnipresentoptimisticorganizedotherworldlyoutlandishoverbearingoverwroughtpedanticphonypickypropheticprotectivequick-wittedquirkyquizzicalrecklessrudesadself-assuredsensitiveseriousshortshysillyskilledskittishsleepysmellysmold eringsneakysobersolemnsombersourspellbindingspiritualspunkysternstudioussugarythoughtfultogethertoughtoweringunbalancedunethicalunluckyunstableunyieldinguptightwackywarmheartedweirdwell-adjustedwhite-hairedwitheredworrisomewretched

The Soviet Revolution Of Russia - 926 Words

Like the swing of a pendulum, the Tsars of Russia would fluctuate between reforming the government and becoming reactionary to the situations in the land. The Russian Tsars/Tsarinas, considered themselves the father or mother of the entire land and it was a very big land. Russian history had been prone to revolutions. Many a Tsar found himself on the short end of a sword or just the right amount of poison in his drink. All of the monarchs of Russia had this history in their minds when they began to rule but as the parent of their nation, they had no choice but to rule and do the best they could. Revolution was part of Russian life. There had been uprisings and revolutions throughout its history. The 18th and 19th centuries saw a big push toward â€Å"Westernizing† the country but as long as there were serfs; Russia could never truly be Western. The serfs were the biggest dilemma that the Tsars faced. The happiness of a people can gauge whether a ruler stays in power or not. T he majority of Russians were serf peasants, dependent on their overlords for their bread and board. Their overlord was dependent on the serfs, the Tsar dependent on the nobles for their devotion and taxes. Catherine the Great, the Tsarina of Russia from 1762 to 1796 was considered an â€Å"enlightened despot†. She was a student of the Enlightenment and ruled Russia with absolute devotion. Catherine was a patron of the arts, education and reform. She believed in the Enlightenment movement but the serfs duringShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Soviet Revolution Of Russia Essay9167 Words   |  37 Pages Country Notebook Of Russia By syed abdul ahad @01374849 Executive summary Russia was previously known as the Ussr , Ussr was a communist regime in which the government had held a lot of power and there were no free markets , it had major issues such as corruption this was shown in world war 1 under the czarist regime the failure of the Ussr led to the creation a Russia as we know today . The modern Russia is a thriving country with great technological advancements in nuclear physics , theRead MoreWhat Were the Turning-Point Events That Kept Relations Between the Soviet Union and China Hostile for over 20 Years?846 Words   |  4 Pagesevents that kept relations between the Soviet Union and China hostile for over 20 years? There were many disputes between China and Russia between the 1950s and 1960s. The disputes may be caused by ideological differences, self-interest, personalities of the leaders, or domestic problems. Mao and Stalin had ideological differences. Although Mao and Stalin’s ideologies are based on Marxism, Stalin believed Mao using the peasants as the basis for revolution is not the right interpretation of MarxismRead MoreThe Major Causes Of The Russian Revolution Of 1917889 Words   |  4 PagesRussian Revolution of 1917, by definition, was a series of revolts against the Russian Tsar, Nicholas II. The background of the Revolution started with many political groups emerging in the 1800s and 1900s (Marxists, Liberals, Nationalists, and Peasant socialists being the most notable). Then, the Marxists split, forming Lenin and the Bolsheviks. On top of new political groups emerging, a slow in economy, a losing effort in wars, and the â€Å"Bloody Sunday† massacres also created unrest in Russia. AlsoRead MoreReasons for Russias October Revolution922 Words   |  4 PagesWhat were the reasons for the October revolution? The revolution in Russia started spontaneously in February 1917 when the Bolsheviks leader Vladimir Lenin plotted to overthrow the government and take power. The Tsar in Russia Nicholas II was abdicated in March 1917 and the provisional committee of the Duma formed the provisional government. The â€Å"duel power† interrupted the government authority and the soviets were in control. Now the provisional government decided to continue with the war becauseRead MoreRussia As One Of The World s Superpowers1545 Words   |  7 PagesRussia stands as one of the world’s superpowers. The same ideals and strength of a people that spawned the Russian Revolution continue to persist nearly a hundred years later and have served in turning the once underdog into a world leader as the second half of the 21st century approached. Revolution: The start of Russia as we know it begins with the fall of the Romanovs. Russia entered the 20th century under the rule of Nicholas II, the last of the Romanovs. Eventually, his incompetency as a leaderRead MoreThe Russian Revolution And The Soviet Revolution Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesTsar to Soviets: The Russian People and Their Revolution, 1917-21. London: UCL Press, 1996. Read, Christopher. From Tsar to Soviets: The Russian People and Their Revolution, 1917-21. London: UCL Press, 1996. pp. 6, 63. Christopher Read, the author of the book From Tsar to Soviets: The Russian People and Their Revolution, 1917-21, is a professor at the University of Warwick in Europe. Read teaches twentieth-century European history. He specializes in the social history of the Russian Revolution andRead MoreWas Lenin s Manifesto So Effective?967 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early 1900’s Russia entered a terminal crisis. Tens of thousands of soldiers were deserted, cities were affected by major food shortages, and the economy was breaking down, and the streets were filled with angry people. People desperately needed reform and this lead to the Russian. Revolution. The people desperately needed reform and the man that stepped up was Vladimir Lenin. With the help of all the Russian struggle and a manifesto Lenin wrote, the Russian people overthrew the previousRead MoreEssay about The Bolshevik Revolution850 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bolshevik Revolution The Bolshevik Revolution started many changes in Russia. One of the most dramatic changes was the change of their form of government to communism. This was brought about by the murder of the Czar and his family by the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks were sure to include the whole family in the murder because of the fear that someday one might comeback and reclaim power. So on July 17, 1918 Czar Nicholas II and his family were murdered. Although there were rumors about hisRead MoreVladimir Lenin And The Soviet Revolution1308 Words   |  6 PagesParty (later renamed the Communist Party). He was the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution, and, therefore, began the first government of the Soviet Union. Lenin became leader of the USSR in 1922 and ruled until his death in 1924, when Joseph Stalin assumed power. Though many argue that Lenin started one of the worst governments in history, Russian Communism, Lenin actually provided a solution for the troubling times in Russia. In the 1890, Lenin quit his job as a lawyer and moved to St. PetersburgRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Soviet Revolution1371 Words   |  6 Pagesfact during the struggle for power in Russia, and not during his time as leader of the USSR. His leadership in the revolutionary Bolshevik party served as an important model for later revolutionary leaders of the 20th century. Lenin’s works made important contributions to the development of revolutionary socialist theory. Many may feel that Lenin had little impact on the rest of the world, but this is frankly just not true. Through the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin brought about the USSR and the

Schizophreni A Psychological Condition That Causes...

Schizophrenia is a psychological condition that causes delusions or hallucinations making it extremely difficult for those who have the disorder to discern between reality and the imaginations (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These fictitious experiences are often frightening situations where the victim cannot properly respond if the danger were reality because he/she believes everything is reality, even events that are produced by the imagination. â€Å"Emil Kraepelin, who coined the term schizophrenia (literally â€Å"split mind†) in the 1890s, viewed the disorder as a split from reality, not a split attitude or split personality as is sometimes mistakenly assumed† (Feist and Rosenburg, 2012, p. 607). Schizophrenia is widely recognized by society as the disorder where the victim hears voices that really are just fantasies of their imagination. This is often a major symptom, but it can include other symptoms as well. People with schizophrenia have a dist orted view of society and their interactions with it including the idea that people are controlling them and that someone is plotting evil against them (NIMH, 2007). Speech is often disorganized an incoherent because of this disorder, which reflects the cognitive state of thinking, also being disjointed. A diagnosis of schizophrenia as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) includes, Two (or more) of the following, each present for a

My First Day Of Class Essay - 1144 Words

New Beginnings I walked into high school not knowing what to expect. This year I was able to pick my own schedule, which I mostly filled with easy, effortless classes because only one english credit was needed and seven credit hours to fill. I chose to take a three-hour block class senior year about child development mostly just because my friends were in it. Who does not want class with their friends? The first day of class, we went over the outline for the entire year. First semester was to be completely devoted to learning about how children grow and develop, from zygote to old age. I was okay with this, because I have always been interested in the human body and the way we interact with others. At this point I was excited to learn more. My teacher then told us that second semester we would be spending every class period in a classroom of our choice on our high school campus. This made me feel a bit uneasy. I had never worked with children before and didn’t know if I had the patience or d rive to do so. First semester we were able to visit a few classrooms that interested us to see where we might be placed for second semester. The first day, I went to a second grade classroom and a Kindergarten classroom. These were all very out of my comfort zone. The children were very independent and didn’t seem to have a drive to learn. Most of them just scribbled the answers down and tossed it into the turn-in pile. I wanted them to be excited to learn, not just wish the schoolShow MoreRelatedMy First Day Of Class705 Words   |  3 Pages Walking into my first day of class, I expected nothing more than a boring lecture and simple assignments that would require little to no effort. I was under the impression that this class was only going to be a waste of my time (since I only enrolled in it to satisfy my minor), and I started the semester anticipating that my success in this course would be a cakewalk. Much to my surprise, I was introduced to a professor who displayed a passion for social work and a class full of peers who had aRead MoreMy First Day Of Class Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout my academic career I have always struggled with writing whether it is for the English class or any other liberal arts class. In my English classes, I have a tendency to deviate from the given task. This semester I took a FIQWS Composition class which helped me explore the unexplored areas of my academic writing. There were three main essays (literacy narrative, exploratory essay and critical researched analysis) and each improved my writing tremendously. On the first day of class, I was surprisedRead MoreMy First Day Of Class889 Words   |  4 Pagescourse would be about. First day walking into college with my blinders on. I was only focused on going in and getting out. The thought of earing my credits and having the semester over was something I wanted from the first day of class. Problem was I had so many doubting thoughts in my head about college like, am I really supposed to be here? Or is college for me? Can I even do this? And when we had that talk the second day in Student Success I knew that was a sign. With that on my mind I basically wentRead MoreMy First Day Of Class1541 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically focus on assessment, my week didn’t turn out quite like I had expected. However, I think that the craziness that I endured (and enjoyed) was a far more authentic to my future teaching job. On my first day of class, I did experience a rather â€Å"normal† day and stuck with my assigned teacher the whole day in order to get a feel for the literacy class that she taught six periods a day as well as the schedule I had assumed we would be sticking to all week. During this day, I did a lot of snoopingRead MoreMy First Day Of Class943 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first day of class when I first stepped foot into the classroom, I thought this class was going to be like every other class where we listen to the teacher preach and write down notes. That was not the case, the class turned out to be a wonderful experience. I have learned so much about myself and about the people around me. This was possible by attending the different seminars, participating in class discussions, sharing about my experiences, and learning about others cultures. The first eventRead MoreMy First Day Of Class876 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I went in to pick my classes for my first semester at college I was super excited. Then they told me there was a mandatory class that all incoming first time in college students had to take. I rolled my eyes and sighed as they described the class to me. I would have to participate in school events, and had to go to the support center, and do things that I thought were going to be the big waste of my time. On the first day of class, we learned about the different topics that we were going toRead MoreMy First Day Of The Class Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I was updating my Fall quarter schedule, I was not sure whether or not I should take another class, since I knew all three of my classes would be challenging. Because of that, if ever I decided to take fourth class, I wanted a class that would be easy, fun, and enjoyable. I also wanted a class that would help me raise my GPA and help me fulfill some of my elective units. Upon scrolling through my options, I came across Education 001: Imagining Teaching Education. Looking at the overview I thoughtRead MoreMy First Day Of Class Essay935 Words   |  4 Pages9/28/16 First day of class – Wrote my journal on paper. 10/5/16 After school I have to go to my first tennis lesson of the day. Every day I do two tennis lessons, with my 2 tennis tutor’s Brianna and Haley. I usually do my tennis lessons at Flora. 1 practice my back hand throws. After 1 hour I can take a quick brake, then back to my lesson it is. I’m really happy that I’ve been taking tennis lessons. Next year I’m taking tennis at Senior High School. I love tennis. Tennis is super funRead MoreMy First Day Of Class1160 Words   |  5 PagesOver the past few weeks, I have had the opportunity to learn more about myself, and my leadership strengths and weaknesses. Prior to the first day of class, I was not sure what to expect, or what I would personally gain out of the Intermediate Leadership Experience. With that being said, this was an eye opening experience. I completed several module entries that have given me the opportunity to develop a plan to improve over the next 3 to 5 years. The modules covered, included S elf-DevelopmentRead MoreMy First Day Of Class2114 Words   |  9 PagesWhat I Already Knew/What I Wanted to Know I held my breath as I scanned the syllabus on the first day of class. Then I heard my professor say â€Å"And in week thirteen you will present your research findings in your discussion sections†. Hearing this sent me into an automatic panic. Having to speak in class felt impossible to me. My flight or fight response was activated any time I anticipated the threat of speaking in class. I was sure to drop the class at any indication that I would have to talk, either

Mccarthyism free essay sample

The slow and unwelcome process of integration can be shown through the causes, skeptical ties, and effects. Both of these subjects in American history share a common factor; it is a mass chaos shared by the common people. Firstly, McCarthy had a major impact in our history because it caused widespread panic, which was unnecessary.A very realistic cause that influenced this was the United States feeling overwhelmed from a fear of communism, arising in both China and Eastern Europe. After Joseph McCarthy made accusations he changed the view of the communists party room an unpopular political group into a perceived threat to the American way of life (Ellen Checkers). This implies a close relation to The Crucible because they were both two societies that feared to have their peace corrupted by outside influences. The negative outside influences can be emphasized through both the communist accusations and those accusing others of witchcraft. He had a powerful position to speak from in the US Senate. He had powerful friends like two Presidents that were afraid of his power because he had so much support from the people.At that mime the Ignited States was concerned that the Soviet communists were infiltrating notes little countries, but the United States itself. No one stood up to McCarthy when he first started. McCarthy intentions were good before the worst of his anticommunist campaign. He acted in good faith against what he truly believed was a malicious communist conspiracy within the government. But he started to make false accusations and claims completely disregarding the people and their constitutional rights.Government employees, the entertainment industry, educators, and union activists were the primary targets of McCarthy. Time after time McCarthy began to make false accusations and claims, disregarding the people and their constitutional rights. He wanted to make the communists know to the public so he televised the trials that degraded and humiliated these defendants. He ruined thousands of peoples lives in his quest for fame and notice. Americans praised him at first for being so brave but once they saw the consequences of what he was doing to these people they changed their views of him.

Gatsby Essay Research Paper Two Rich AmericansI free essay sample

Gatsby Essay, Research Paper Two Rich Americans I love to kip. For me, the few proceedingss right before I fall asleep is the most gratifying clip of the twenty-four hours. Liing down with my favourite pillow and outsize sympathizer, while watching a small telecasting can non be beat in my book. Well, possibly a few other things can crush it. I am non that hapless. There are many different? things? that propel us through each twenty-four hours. For each single individual, this driving force can be different. For an jock the World Series, Super bowl, or National Championship is the ultimate end. For a author, holding a book published a going a best marketer can be their personal end. For Jay Gatsby and Sara Smolinsky, the? thing? that pushes them through each and every twenty-four hours was the bang of the American Dream. To populate the American Dream is to be person that no 1 expects. It means to lift above what others can non believe you can make and do a few vaulting horses while making it. It takes dedication and clip to populate out this American Dream. In no manner is it like a walk in the park, either. Both Gatsby and Sara had to drive to win. However, this is non all of the American Dream. You need a household to populate out the American Dream, with a few childs, and possibly a small puppy. To make this, you need love in your life. Now, Gatsby and Sara may non hold been taking at raising a household, but both of them were looking for the love of their lives. Jay Gatsby was an mystery to everyone who came in contact with him. ? I think he killed a adult male, ? remarked a few invitees at one of his jamboree. Merely precisely what, or who, made this cryptic adult male tick? Well, for the truly close, viz. Nick Carraway and Jordan Baker, the reply was simple. Daisy did. Just to believe, Gatsby put on all those parties for a miss. What is he in high school? How infantile can one adult male be? Well, evidently non excessively infantile, because Daisy necessarily ate it all up! ? What Beautiful shirts, ? she sobbed, ? It makes me sad because I? ve neer seen such beautiful shirts before? ( Fitzgerald 98 ) . It is astonishing to believe that two people can be so concerned with the physical success. Gatsby was after it, the money, the power, the House, and Daisy. Gatsby, though, had to fall back to illegal activity in order to obtain his success. He bootlegged grain intoxicant during the abolishment. Gatsby genuinely lived out the American Dream. He arose from nowhere, to go one of the richest work forces on Long Island. Gatsby besides died because of it. But in the terminal, he died for Daisy, which made it all worthwhile. Sara Smolinsky was driven to win for a different ground. She wanted to go a? person. ? She wanted to be equal to everyone else. She was an American and she wanted to hold all the same chances that every American should hold. More significantly she wanted to turn out to her household that she could win. From the really first money that Sara earned from selling herring, anyone could see the fire in her eyes. ? Richer than Rockefeller, I felt? ( Yezierska 22 ) . This could hold said? Richer than Gatsby. ? This money, a simple one-fourth, would non even be spent on herself, but instead for her household. She was working to back up her household. Gaining the money was of import to Sara. Gaining the Money. She earned this money. She paid for the herring, non because she HAD to, but because SHE had to. ? I want to travel into concern like a individual? ( Yezierska 21 ) . She was no mendicant. Not any longer. More of import than the money, was the cognition. Her desire was to go a instructor, and no 1 was traveling to halt her. Surely, non the fact that she had perfectly no money or that she was intimidated by the other college pupils. She had a end and she set out to make it, no exclusions. All the piece making this, Sara was looking for person to love. She had no desire to travel run away and acquire married like her sisters at the will of her male parent. Rather, she wanted person that she could fall in love with. Her end foremost and first was to go a instructor. Merely after that did she recognize that there was something losing. She thought of her male parent? s words. ? A adult female without a adult male is less than nil? ( Yezierska 21 ) . She found her person. This adult male, Hugo Seelig, kept the same fire inside of him, the thirst to learn others. After happening him, her end was complete. Sara was complete. Both Jay Gatsby and Sara Smolinsky had a end. Their ends were rather similar, to populate out the American dream. Both of them did merely what they set out to make. Gatsby accomplished all he could, even winning back his 1 and merely true love, Daisy Buchanan. Sara accomplished all she could and more. There were differences though in their waies and motivations to their success. Gatsby was out to for person else, viz. Daisy. Sara was pushed from within. In the terminal though, they were two rich Americans, Gatsby with his sign of the zodiac overlooking the Sound, and Sara with her copiousness of cognition, money ( although non every bit much as Gatsby, to Sara it was all she needed ) , and her love. They were both on top of the World. Merely one? s life came crashing down to a floating terminal, while the other was certain to maintain on mounting for every bit long as she desired.

International Economics Gerber free essay sample

The Growth of World Trade Capital and Labor Mobility New Features of the Global Economy New Issues in International Trade and Investment The Role of International Organizations Regional Trade Agreements Trade and Economic Growth Twelve Issues in the International Economy The Gains from Trade Wages, Jobs, and Protection Trade Deficits Regional Trade Agreements The Resolution of Trade Conflicts The Role of International Institutions Exchange Rates and the Macroeconomy Financial Crises and the Global Contagion Capital Flows and the Debt of Developing Countries Crisis and Reform in Latin America Export Led Growth in East Asia The Integration of India and China into the World Economy .2 A Thumbnail Sketch of the Material Covered in Chapter One The re-emergence of international economic integration theme tries to put globalization in perspective. Most features of globalization aren’t new, and international economic integration could be described as re-emerging after a period of disruption during time periods surrounding WWI and WWII. There are three aspects of international economic integration considered: 1. The growth of world trade. World trade has grown over the last sixty or seventy years but is still fairly comparable in percentage terms to what existed 110 years ago. Trade has become a larger share of national economies as measured by the: Index of Openness ? (Exports ? Imports)/GDP This index does not tell us about a nation’s trade policies. Nations with higher figures for the index of openness do not necessarily have lower trade barriers. Large economies are less dependent on international trade and often have lower measures of openness than small countries. Figure 1. 1 shows the openness index for six nations at different points in time. It shows the drop in trade from 1913 to 1950 and its growth (even above 1913 levels) for most nations by 2000. A trend obscured in the overall trade data is that in 1890 most U. S. trade was in agricultural products and raw materials, while today most is manufactured goods. The relative importance of capital goods has increased dramatically. 2. Capital and labor mobility. Labor is much less mobile internationally now than it was in 1900. For capital, it is somewhat more mobile. There is a difference between financial capital and physical capital. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the flow of capital representing physical assets such as real estate, factories, and businesses. While capital flows to developing countries have increased over recent decades, the level of investment in any country is still correlated with its domestic level of savings, making national savings rates far more important than global capital flows. However, capital flows today are different from earlier periods in three ways. More types of financial instruments exist today, and flows of financial capital are likely much greater. In 1900, the world operated on a fixed exchange rate standard and much of today’s financial market transactions are aimed at protecting against exchange rate risk caused by floating exchange rates. Transactions costs associated with foreign capital flows have also fallen significantly. Volatility in international capital flows, while often a subject of intense attention today, is not new. Movement of prices in different markets. The text does not develop this, but points out that in the late 1800s wheat farmers, meat packers, and fruit growers all produced for a global market where international rather than domestic supply and demand determined prices. News reports today could easily demonstrate this for most commodities. New issues in international trade and investment: Barriers to manufactured goods have fallen significantly as a result of a process that began at the end of WWII. As formal restrictions on imports  have been reduced, domestic policies on issues such as the environment, labor, and fair market conditions have become the barriers to further increases in trade flows. Reducing trade barriers has been the focus of negotiations between nations. Eliminating the traditional barriers to trade, tariffs and quotas, is referred to as shallow integration because it just changes policies â€Å"at the border. † Eliminating domestic policy differences that create trade barriers is much more complicated and is referred to as deep integration. International organizations created at the end of WWII play a key role and are an entirely new element in the international economy. Agreements between nations are not new, but there has been a significant increase in the number of regional trade agreements signed, especially in the 1990s. The formation of these regional trade agreements is controversial for different reasons for both trade opponents and trade proponents. The growth of world trade can potentially lead to a variety of consequences, but generally economists remain committed that the benefits outweigh the costs. This position is supported by the casual empirical evidence of historical experience, evidence supported by models and deductive reasoning, and evidence from statistical comparisons of countries. Open economies grow faster and prosper sooner than more closed ones. .3 What Students Should Know After Reading This Chapter Chapter 1 challenges the belief that the world has embarked on an entirely new and unprecedented era of globalization. Looked at from the long run, it seems clear that the period 1870 to 1914 was an earlier era with similar trends. Those years experienced rapid technological change in the form of railways, steamships, and telegraphs that all came into widespread usage and spanned the oceans; they underwent business and financial sector innovation through the rapid growth in the corporate form of business organization, the invention and spread of demand deposits, and the development of stockmarkets; trade policies were liberalized in many nations; and there were widespread protests against immigration and the global economy. In the United States, the protest movement was centered in populist movements that are reminiscent of some politicians and commentators today. This is not an argument about history repeating itself. Rather, it is an attempt to get students to think of the period from World War I to the end of World War II as an aberration in the last 150 years of world history. The long run trend is toward integration, punctuated by protests and nationalistic movements that halt or reverse the trend. When students are asked what they think is new about today’s economy, they inevitably answer: technology. E-mail, faxes, satellite systems, jet aircraft, and less visible forms such as container cargo transportation systems have each made significant contributions to increasing trade flows. It is useful to engage students in a discussion over the marginal impacts of these new technologies versus the marginal effects of steam powered ocean going vessels or trans-Atlantic telegraphy. Telegraphy cut the time it took information to cross the ocean from around three weeks to relatively instantaneously, and reduced the time it took to buy a foreign bond from around three weeks to about one day. It is useful for students to realize there was a disruption for two reasons. First, much of what has happened over the last 50 years was aimed at fixing something that was broken, not creating a new phenomena. Second, the international institutions that deal with the global economy are new and were created because of some shared recognition that integration was important and helpful and needed to be encouraged. An important sub-theme of the text is the idea of deep versus shallow integration and the institutional process that nations go through to create deeper levels of integration. The chapter also points to some things that are new about today. Important ones for the text will be flexible exchange rates, regional trade agreements, and the changing mix of the types of goods nations produce. Domestic policies will be a key focus when trade barriers and capital flows are considered. Another important issue will be the evolving role of international organizations in negotiating and enforcing changes in domestic policies. .4 Assignment Ideas 1. I like to use the index of openness to contrast the importance of trade to various nations and to drive home the fact that relative value matters. The chapter also lends itself to students developing some factual knowledge about U. S. trade history. One possibility is to look at U. S. trade policy in various time periods. The U. S. had relatively high tariffs (greater than 40 percent on average) throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1890, Congress passed the McKinley Tariff, followed in 1897 by the Dingley Tariff. Both tariffs raised rates further from their already high base. Wilson tried to reduce tariffs but was thwarted by World War I. Rates in the 1920s fell, but the Tariff Act of 1930 (Smoot-Hawley Tariff) raised the rates back up to nearly 45 percent. In the midst of the Great Depression (1934), Roosevelt and his Secretary of State, Dulles, persuaded Congress to pass the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act. The Act authorized Roosevelt to negotiate bilateral, reciprocal tariff reduction agreements. This piece of legislation marks an historic shift in U. S. tariff policy, away from protectionism and toward more openness. Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 1. How can globalization and international economic integration be measured? Answer:The chapter offers three ways to measure globalization and economic integration: (1) trade flows; (2) factor movements; and (3) convergence of prices (goods, factors, and assets). 2. In what sense is the U. S. economy more integrated with the world today than it was a century ago? In what ways is it less integrated? Answer:The U. S. ’s openness indicator is about sixty percent greater today than it was in 1890 ((25. 3 – 15. 8)/15. 8 ? 0. 601), or almost one hundred and nine percent greater than in 1910. While this is a very significant increase, it is hardly the revolution in economic relations that many people claim. The sixty percent statistic might be considered misleading, however, in that a much larger share of total goods output is traded (more than thirty percent in 1990 versus less than ten percent in 1950). While we cannot compare the latter statistic to 1890 or 1900, it does appear that there is a clear trend toward a greater role for international commerce. This is consistent with the observation that world trade has been growing faster than world output, at least since 1950. Much of the growth in trade since then, however, simply brought us back to where we were before World War II. In terms of labor flows, the U.S. is probably less integrated with the world economy than it was in 1890 or 1900. At those latter dates we had an open door immigration policy (for all but Chinese citizens), and a larger share of our population was foreign born (fourteen and one half percent in 1890 versus less than eight percent in 1990 and twelve percent today). Capital flows are more difficult to generalize since they can be measured several ways. While the absolute volume of capital flows has increased dramatically, as a share of world GDP it is probably no more than it was at the turn of the century, and it may be less. While the absolute volume of capital flows to developing countries has increased, the level of investment in any country is still highly correlated with its domestic savings rate. What is different, however, is the ease at which capital can cross international boundaries (lower transaction costs) and the much greater variety of assets that are traded. The need to protect against exchange rate risk is a key component of today’s international financial markets and is a primary difference from the fixed exchange rate standard of the past. The incidence of financial crises has not increased and, as a metric of integration, it implies no increase in capital market integration. The growth of regional trade agreements is also an indicator of increased integration. A growing role for international institutions such as the IMF or the World Bank may also indicate an increase in international integration. 3. What is â€Å"openness†? How is it measured? Does a low openness indicator indicate that a country is closed to trade with the outside world? Answer:Openness is a measure of the relative importance of trade to a national economy. It is measured by the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP. A relatively small openness indicator does not necessarily mean that an economy is intentionally closed to the outside world. Large countries like the U. S. or China have big domestic markets that enable firms to specialize and produce in volume in order to attain their optimal scale. Specialization and high volume in manufacturing is often associated with increased productivity, so firms in large markets can achieve the highest possible level of productivity without having to sell to foreign markets. Firms  located in smaller countries have to trade their output across international boundaries if they want to have the same technology and the same level of productivity. Consequently, large countries tend to have lower openness indicators regardless of their trade policies. 4. Describe the pattern over the last century shown by the openness index for leading industrial economies. Answer:The indicators fell between 1913 and 1950, when it begins to rise relatively rapidly. The main causes of the pattern shown in Figure 1. 1 are the two world wars and the Great Depression of the 1930s and changes in trade policy that accompanied that period. In 2000, they are mostly higher than they were before WWI. Another pattern the chapter notes is that the index is smaller for the larger population countries of Japan and the United States, and higher for the Netherlands, with its small population. 5. Trade and capital flows were described and measured in relative terms rather than absolute. Explain the difference. Which term seems more valid, relative or absolute? Why? Answer:Absolute values are the dollar amounts of trade and capital flows. Relative values are the ratio of dollar values to GDP. Relative values are a better indicator of the importance of a variable. Large economies like the U. S. may have large export and import values, but the importance of trade to the national economy is not nearly as great as it is for other economies. The U. S. is the world’s largest exporter and importer, but the national economy is so large that trade is much less important for the U. S. than it is for many smaller countries such as Canada, Belgium, or the Netherlands. 6. The relative size of international capital flows may not be much greater today than they were 100 years ago, although they are certainly greater than they were 50 years ago. Qualitatively, however, capital flows are different today. Explain. Answer:Major qualitative difference between late nineteenth and late twentieth century capital flows include the fact that there are many more types of financial instruments available now compared to a century ago. These instruments can be finely tailored to the income and risk preferences of investors. Secondly, a large share of the total flow of capital across borders is related to the need to protect against fluctuations in the value of currencies. This use of international capital markets was not as necessary when nations operated within fixed exchange rate systems. And third, the transaction costs of participating in international capital markets is much lower today than it was a century ago. 7. What are the new issues in international trade and investment? In what sense do they expose national economies to outside influences? Answer:The new issues involve policy differences between nations that until recently were considered the exclusive responsibility of local or national governments. Examples include labor standards, environmental standards, competition or antitrust policies, and industrial support policies. Negotiations between nations potentially give foreign interests a voice in setting domestic policy. The scope and the depth of the negotiations determine how great a voice foreigners will have. It is often the case, however, that negotiations either occur or are proposed because some aspect of domestic policy is perceived by foreigners as a barrier to trade, and they seek to alter the domestic policy that creates it. 8. Describe the three kinds of evidence economists use to support the assertion that open economies grow faster than economies that are closed to the word economy. Answer:These are: (1) casual empirical evidence of historical experience; (2) economic logic and deductive reasoning; and, (3) evidence of statistical comparisons of countries. (1)The historical evidence examines the experiences of countries that tried to isolate themselves from the rest of the world. First, not only did trade protection exacerbate the depression of the 1930s, but it also led to the misery and tragedy of World War II. Second, an examination of countries such as the former West and East Germany, South and North Korea, and other countries with the same historical, economic, and ethnic background that were divided by war, indicate that those who closed their economies from the rest of the world suffered in terms of prosperity and environmental degradation. East Asia experienced an economic take-off when it decided to integrate with the rest of the world, while Latin America, which had the same economic background with East Asia but chose to remain partially closed, experienced mediocre growth. The logic of economic theory also suggests a strong causal relation between trade and faster economic growth. The following is a summary of this linkage: Following Adam Smith, David Ricardo proved that comparative advantage leads to trade and this in turn leads to the reallocation of resources and the improvement of the standard of living of any nation, large or small. Modern trade theory also makes the case for exports and open trade as the causes for economic expansion. Exports and open trade foster competition, innovation, and learning-by-doing, and bring international best practices to the attention of domestic producers, spurring greater efficiency and export expansion. This helps domestic producers to realize economies of scale when they attempt to produce for the world market, rather than for their own limited domestic consumers. Larger markets create incentives for firms to engage in research and development, and allow countries to import important production inputs and foreign capital by minimizing the foreign exchange constraints. They facilitate the transfer of technology and managerial skills. It follows that open trade and exports increase the demand for the country’s output and therefore contribute strongly to positive economic growth. (3)Even though the statistical evidence is not quite conclusive (mainly due to measuring trade policy), the evidence of statistical comparison of countries (cross-sectional time series) indicates that countries benefit from open trade.