Describe the Possible Effects of Two Major Unpredictable Life Events

Task 3 (p3)- Describe the influences of two predictable and two unpredictable life events on the development of the individual. Major life events- Predictable and unpredictable events Major life events can be positive and negative and can be unpleasant, frightening, confusing and unsafe at times. Unpleasant stuff happens to all of us wether its predictable or unpredictable by feeling in control and able to organise, learning to cope with changes in life, coping with a physical changes. Predicted events of a teenager: When a child is born they are predicted to move on with their life and live it the best possible way they can.Any major changes can influence development positively within their life, as they grow. When they start secondary school they would want to make new friends and cope with the changes that would come ahead of them, which is known as positive learning. However, there could be risks of stress because no-one might let him/her hang around with them or he/she don't fit in with any group which is painful and makes them feel lonely and anxious; sometimes worthless. Perhaps no one listens to them – then he/she feel that no one cares. This may not really be happening but it feels that way and it hurts.They may feel angry at the world and even stay away from the people you know which lowers their self-esteem and confidence in talking to other people again their anger would lead them to end up criticising themself. Thinking too much about it – which a lot of people do – can confuse the child as well, which is not healthy. Another positive learning, during a predicted event, can be when the teen has now become old enough to leave home and has achieved independence and to control thier own personal enviroment, but coping on your own isn't easy.Suddenly the teen don't feel that smart anymore. He/she can become anxious and handling daily stress can become very difficult for them. And if they have had bad experiences in the past (such a s abuse), leaving home can be a ‘last straw' and tip themselves over into difficulties in handling fears. Some even experience loss of family support depending on the reason leaving home. Unpredicted event of an adult: One of the down side of life is things that happen are sometimes not expected and are really hard to go through but some surprises

Compare Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson Essay

Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson all had similar values and ideas about America concerning politics and its economy. They all also had a knack for getting people to follow them. Benjamin Franklin, who had only died about 30 years before William Cullen Bryant wrote To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe, seemed to express different views about America vs. Europe in his letters. In a letter Franklin wrote to his grandson, he expressed how he wanted to return to America before his death but didn’t think he would be able to. He seemed so passionate when writing about America. It was as if there was nothing better than America. We also know that Franklin was very involved in politics and economics. He is one of the first people we read about who was very concerned with money and how it affected status and politics. Obviously wealth affects status in at least some aspect. Whether the wealth was measured by money or by land, it defined social class. Only people of the upper class took part in politics. Franklin was one of America’s founding fathers. He helped write the Declaration of Independence, which we still abide by today, over 200 years later. Benjamin Franklin listed 13 virtues with their precepts in one of his documents. He listed these to make sure he abided by all of them and just these 13. One of the precepts was ‘order’. He expanded on this by making a schedule of how his business and his life should run. It listed what should be done for the day, including when he should eat and sleep. He was definitely ahead of his time and set the standards for Americans today. Thomas Paine instilled his ideas onto others in Common Sense. He starts out by saying, â€Å"In the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense†. Just by writing this, he has already captivated the reader and forced them to see his views and just ‘common sense’. Paine seemed to specialize in revolts and working for the ordinary person. This was Paine’s involvement in politics; getting the common person to see how they were oppressed and how things should change. He took action by forming revolutions. Paine felt that America should be free from British control. He stated, â€Å"We have boasted the protection of Great Britain without considering that her motive was interest, not attachment; and that she did not protect us from our enemies on our account, but from her enemies on her own account, from those who had no quarrel with us on any other account, and who will always be our enemies on the same account.† He used this to explain to Americans how Britain had created enemies for us because of their own personal reasons and when we were under attack, Britain didn’t care and sequentially, they had created enemies for both places. Thomas Jefferson took part in politics as well as Franklin and Paine and was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson, unlike Franklin and Paine, was born into his wealth. He was never a commoner and therefore never knew what it was like to be in that position. I find it interesting that someone of his stature would be allowed to help write the Declaration of Independence which helps guide everyone including commoners. He couldn’t possibly understand what would be best for them. This is probably why there are many things in the constitution that don’t seem fair to an ordinary person, such as the Electoral College. This system was basically created because a regular person could not have a vote left in their hands. Although Jefferson seems like he wants independence for America, it also seems like he doesn’t trust America to have this Independence. All three people that I have discussed seem to differ in their views of America vs. Europe from Bryant. Bryant seems to be thrilled that America is based on Europe. Places such as New York and New England were almost exact replicas of the originals. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson were trying to change the way America was to make it a better place to live. It is because of these men that America is everything it is today.

Monde Nissin Corporation (MNC) Essay

Monde Nissin Corporation (MNC) has been incorporated in 1979 and has continuously provided Filipino consumers high quality products and has been a consistent top biscuit player in the market. For more than two decades, MNC has steadily and aggressively risen to be the Philippine’s leading food manufacturer and is carving its niche as one of the most competitive players in the global industry. From its first biscuit, MNC has evolved into a premier food firm. Our company has consistently been among the top corporations in the Philippines and is considered as one of the industry leaders in both noodles and biscuit product categories. Our brand names include Nissin, Monde, Sky Flakes, Fita amongst others for the biscuits category, and Lucky Me Instant Noodles, Lucky Me! Supreme Bowls and Lucky Me! Specials for the noodles category. For more than 3 decades now, Monde Nissin has steadily and aggressively risen to be the Philippines’ leading food manufacturer and is currently carving its niche as one of the most competitive players in the global industry. From its first biscuit, Monde Nissin Corporation has evolved into a premier Food Company which has been among the Philippines’ top 100 companies since year 2000. Monde Nissin products are continuously striving to become the market leaders in their respective categories. Currently, MNC has been producing biscuits and cookies and has a nationwide reach for its distribution channels from supermarkets down to the sari-sari store. To compete with the crackers product line, MNC through its sister company Monde M.Y. San Corporation is a major player in the crackers category. Monde M.Y San Corporation is a Filipino firm originating from an ice cream parlor situated in Escolta in 1935. Three Chinese brothers headed by Mar Yu†¦

Meeting the needs of all learners Essay

I always attempt my best to maintain an environment where all learners are engaged in the process of learning. As a precaution, I always obtain details of the learners as much as possible before I start to teach them. This helps to obtain a very good idea about the nature of learners and their needs. Key elements of inclusive learning are identified as â€Å"including all learners in learning together, multi-level, authentic instruction for learners of diverse abilities, building community and meet the needs of children with behavioural challenges, providing support for teachers, maintaining a good relationship with parents/carers and be careful and thoughtful in decision-making and leadership and empowerment†. As a teacher I always try to provide a maximum opportunity for all my learners by considering their individual needs. For example, visually impaired students get a seat closer to the whiteboard and I am willing to wear an electronic device to help students who have any impairment in hearing. Direct and indirect discrimination are always challenged immediately and learners of all levels of abilities and all ethnic backgrounds are treated equally according to the best of my ability. Some learners might need extra support in assessment processes and it should be provided. For example some learners are eligible to use a reader or a scribe in examinations. These needs must be addressed as a teacher as learners may not always demand for these rights. However, I have some limitations as a teacher in maintaining an inclusive classroom environment. For instance, I do not know the sign language and I need to improve my knowledge on certain special and learning needs although I have some knowledge on the most common needs and how to support them in a learning environment. However, I am always willing to obtain support from other professionals in situations where I feel that help can be of help for a learner to progress. Therefore, I conclude my inclusive teaching practice as an effective approach and I am constantly trying to improve it to help the learners better. Analyse ways to improve own practice in using learning and teaching approaches to meet the needs of all learners. As I am always looking for opportunities for improve myself as a professional, I have set some goals for myself to be achieved in the time to come. Some of them are related to my personal development and others are to improve my professional development and teaching abilities. Moreover, some targets are for improving my qualifications. As inclusive practice involves many different types of learners I need to make myself prepared for a range of learners to accommodate the needs of all students. I could learn the sign language and make myself familiar with the needs and behaviour of learners with special and learning needs although I have some knowledge and experience at the moment. I believe this is a very important task as 5.4% of all undergraduate students in the United Kingdom have self-assessed them as having some sort of an impairment in a survey conducted in 2005 (Adams and Brown, 2006:2). Personally, I did not have much exposure to work with learners with special needs or learn ing needs during the first 6 years of my teaching career in Sri Lanka as the process of recognizing learners with needs is not specific enough in Sri Lanka when compared to the United Kingdom. When I think back about my school time (1989-2001), I can clearly think of some fellow students who were with us without any special support but I now realise that they probably had some special learning needs. Unfortunately, there were a set of students who were unable to read or write properly even when they were close to the GCE(Ordinary Level) examination and they were not given any support and they failed almost in all subjects and dropped out from the school. Because of my lack of experience in the childhood, I was unable to identify students with learning needs in the first few years of my teaching career. I gained that ability after exposing myself to teaching in the United Kingdom during the past 4 years and I am still working on improving that knowledge. Teaching resources and different approaches of teaching have always been an interest for me and it is a hobby of mine to collect teaching resources and I have a considerably good collection of books and soft copies. However, I am still working on collecting more resources and improving them to make them more inclusive and helpful for all learners. My professional connections and the relationship with the fellow practitioners are quite good. Moreover, I read books and other materials to understand the mind-set of different learners and I expect this to be an advantage for me to understand and liaise better with  the learners who obtain my service. I believe that these improvements can be of enormous help for me to be a better teaching professional and I believe this as an on-going process.

Political Risk International Business

POLITICAL RISK IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS The term business normally refers to the act of doing any transactions that ends up in earning or losing money. The act that is ending up in financial implications is called business. This business can be considered as a result of collective commercial transactions of all types involving government, private, corporate, individual or a group of individual, and so on.Anyone involve in the business usually undertakes such operations only for the purpose of making profit, and only in the case of government involved business, there will be some other reason than profit making which could be political, economical, etc. International business is recognized and / or defined as the business that is done across two or more country borders. International business involves selling, buying, making investment, transporting goods, logistical activities, etc between two or more countries.The companies that are doing business worldwide are called multinational companies (MNCs). These companies are normally formed and incorporated in one country and then create their operations in various countries, and will have access to all the markets wherever they do trading. These companies are having different strategies and different approaches for different country operations due to many factors such as culture, interest, etc of the people in those countries. To mentions some examples, McDonalds, Sony, Shell, General Motors, Toyota, etc.The very basic purpose of doing business is only to make money, predominantly, although there are businesses which are not mean for money or profit. Hence for the international business also, the basic purpose will be only profit making. However, there are some additional purposes for the international business, since the effort involved in the establishing the international business is more and complicated than just doing a domestic business. Some of the purposes of international business are discussed hereunder. New Opportunities: While the corporations are extending their operations to the international market, the opportunities for them to develop their business and increased sales / revenue are more. Since the international business brings new products and new services to the country, there will be a good opportunity for finding new customers, and making a good volume of sales among the customers. Also, based on the geographical conditions, climatic conditions, available resources, etc there will be more opportunities for the MNCs to develop their business in terms of infrastructure, product lines, etc.Low Cost: This is an advantageous purpose for the MNCs to have their operations in various countries. In countries like China, India, the human resources will be available in large number and hence the cost of labour becomes comparatively cheaper with the countries of origin of those MNCs. Hence the companies start their operations in those countries and reduce their cost of production les ser and lesser. Those products that are produced from there can be transferred to the other country’s operations of the same MNC. Hence over all the company’s cost of production is slashed to a very minimum amount.For example, many Sony opened their operations in China, and most of the Sony products available in any of the country come from the manufacturing units of Sony in China. This way Sony capitalizes the international business concept. Resources: Resources are one of the major assets for any organization. Business while going international, get opportunities to improve the standard of the resources, many times at a cheaper cost. While the business is international, the organization will have access to various types of resources from various countries.This is an added advantage to the company in developing their knowledge, and work force. Hence cross country knowledge is acquired by the organization, and hence the knowledge repository of the organization grows an d hence to get more benefit from the resources. Just like the way the international business provides lots of benefits, there are lots of risks associated with the international business, which are discussed hereunder. Strategic Risk: Many of the international companies try to implement many of heir business strategy across all their branches in all the countries; however, due to many changes that exist between the countries wherein the operations are undertaken, many times the strategies will not work. For example, a strategy designed for the summer seasons in one country may not work in another country, since there could be a different season at that time, and vice versa. Hence strategy management is a potential risk in international management. Operation Risk: International business operations are happening across the globe.The practical situation in one country and the situation in another country will never be the same. Mode of transport, maintenance of machinery, supply and de mand of products required for production, logistic and inventory issues, etc will be on a regular basis and will create problem for a smooth production processes. Major cause of this operational risk will be the capital market variances between the countries and assets that are involved in the operational activities. Technological Risk: International business is highly dependent on the technology especially in terms of communication and transaction.There is always a big risk in the security part of the electronic transactions and hence that creates a major risk for the international business. Cost of newer technologies, redundancy of the old technology and the locked cost in such investments, etc are the major risks due to technology. Environmental Risk: While the environment, such as air, pollution, water, etc of the country wherein the operation is happening is affecting the people and creating an environmental issue, which affects the reputation of the corporation functioning the re as well.The corporation also socially becomes responsible for such devastation of the environment. Economic Risk: This is anyway not in the hand of the business. If the country in which the business operation of the MNC is happening is not able to control the economic problems, which will eventually impact the MNC as well. Exchange rate, monitory policy, etc are the cause of such economic risks. Financial Risk: Currency rates and inflation rates are major cause of this type of risks. The financial situation of the country becomes instable, and that hits the organization badly.While the government does not have strict rules in areas such as transferring investment funds to other countries, the economic financial conditions become worse. However, the Political risks in the area of international business are large and are highly considerable more than other risks. Since international business is happening in different countries, the business is facing directions and regulations from various political governments. Any changes that are happening in the political situations will have an impact on the way the business is running the country.The leader of the country or the political person in the country will be responsible for such impact of risk; however, the organization will have a lesser say in such situations. The possibility of international business risks is always high. The very moment the business goes abroad, the government to which the business is subjected to will change. Hence irrespective of the amount of impact, there will be surely impact on the business from the political side. The government issues related to the overall country-wide policies, changes in the higher officials such as ministers, or other such positions will directly impact the business.The impacts of the risks are varied from soft to extreme. Terrorism, war, etc are extreme risks, while change of president or prime minister, or different political parties coming into power, etc is moderate risks. However, it is easy to understand and accept that any of this risk will surely be in existence in any given country and hence that will affect the business organization which is doing an international business in that country. The political risks can be classified into micro risks and macro risks.Micro political risks are very common to the country in which it is happening, and will affect the entire company’s existence in the company or something of that magnitude. For example if there is a political instable relationship between two countries, then there will be a risk of closing down the business of the organizations in one country who base location is the other country. On the other hand macro level political risks are something that is affecting all the international business in host country in which the political changes are happening.For example, if there is a political emergency in the county all the international business would come to cease. Such em ergency may also work against the foreign direct investment from all the countries, which is again nullifying the international business in the host country. For any risks that are faced in the business, multiple solutions are available. In the context of political risks related to international business, the general strategy the MNCs normally follow is to do a political risk analysis on the country in which the MNC is going to start its operation.If the international business is just about making a foreign investment, before the investment is made a good and detailed risk analysis or research is advisable. There are many independent consultants who do such risk analysis and researches on potential countries. Such reports can be purchased by these MNCs or they can form their own team in making such analysis. MNCs can also adopt some risky strategy which has to be calculative.At times, while investing in a country which is proven for political risk, the MNC can see a better and attra ctive return from the investment. Hence the strategy needs amendment based on the negotiation with the host government for further compensations and at the same time providing some reasonable benefits for the country resources, such as man power, and other structural facilities. Such MNCs are establishing their operations in those countries and help the country to develop their economy and increase the standard of living there.Another strategy normally tried by the MNCs are involving into the business in the risk prone countries and also make considerable investments in the political risk insurances. By doing so, the possible losses the MNC may face can be compensated by the insurance, if happen so. However, such investments in the international business are made only when the corporation foresees a good and attractive return from those host countries. Interestingly investment in political insurance may also amount to risks, since the insurance claim may not be obtained as it is pro mised to be.Based on the available option, the recommendation could be to do a good and through research on the political situation of the country wherein the MNC is going to commence its business. While the MNC is hoping to have a wide range of investments in many countries, it is advisable to have a separate department in the company which is looking after such risks, either doing their independent research or having assistance from the well know consultants in the market. Business earns profit in the form of money; however, it also exposed to many risks.There are risks related to the internal environmental factors, as well as external environmental factors. External factors are not in the control of the business organization, and hence handling becomes difficult. When the business goes abroad and become an international business, then the exposure to various external environmental factors increases, while the possible benefits also increases. Political risk is one of the major ri sks associated with international business, which is the main concern of the MNCs going abroad.MNCs are forced to face both micro and macro political risks. However, since the political risks are a well known factor, there are many research conducted across the world about most of the countries. Hence the MNCs are also having sufficient information to take a decision on the available options and plan their strategy towards opening up their business abroad. In many countries, international business works and give and take policy, where the MNC benefited financially while the hose country is benefited in terms of economy, life standards, and knowledge sharing.References * Alan M. Rugman, Simon Collinson. 2008. International Business. London: Prentice Hall * Oded Shenkar, Yadong Luo. 2008. International Business. Chicago: Sage Publicaitons * Daniels, J. , Radebaugh, L. , Sullivan, D. (2007). International Business: environment and operations, 11th edition. Prentice Hall. * Joshi, Rakes h Mohan, (2009) International Business, Oxford University Press * Travis, T. (2007). Doing Business Anywhere: The Essential Guide to Going Global. Hoboken: John Wiley&Sons.

Country School Research Critique

Qualitative Study Evaluation Eleanor Vernice Siyon u7a1 Capella University Quarter & Year: Summer 2012 Address (optional): City, State, Zip (optional): Phone (optional): E-mail: [email  protected] edu Instructor:Pat Ryan Qualitative Study Evaluation The one- teacher country school is largely the past practice of the American educational institution. This one teacher setting was characteristic of the recitation process used by students to â€Å"recite† to the teacher what one had learned from their lessons.The teacher characteristically would ask questions of their students during their process to glean the answers and evaluate the progress of their students. Traditionally these classrooms consisted of multi-age, multi-grade level all situated in one classroom with one teacher. This evaluation is about one such educational system in the state of Nebraska. It is an ethnographic study title â€Å" Notes on a Country School Tradition: Recitation as an Individual Strategy† The stated purpose of this study was to view the practices of some of the one-teacher schools and to determine what may be learned from them.This evaluation will proceed by evaluating the validity and effectiveness of this research in its relation to the following categories within the study. The categories are as follows: the problem statement, review of the literature, the purpose statement and central phenomenon, validity of the data collection, validity of data analysis and findings, and the quality of writing and its consistency with the qualitative criteria. 1 Evaluation of the Title The title of the study â€Å" Notes on a Country School Tradition: Recitation as an Individual Strategy† This title does not reflect the central phenomenon being studied. Feature Article  Country School  Allen CurnowThe central phenomenon is the investigation of recitation in a one-teacher school as a patterned and functional response to the conditions of smallness, and it’s interrelationship to parental and community expectations, along with the inevitable transfer of these students to larger middle and secondary schools in an environment in defense of their way of life at a time of rural social and economic decline. The title does reflect the site (country school) and the people. 2 Evaluation of the Problem Statement The author does have an educational issue to study, though not clearly stated in the problem statement.It may be assumed due to the fact that many of the children taught in this recitation method in the small schools went on to do very well in the large secondary and middle school settings. Therefore, a comparison of this small school approach and the differing large school approach is worthy of further educational study. I b elieve that the author has provided evidence that this issue is important because of the research that is stated about the benefits of smaller schools and the success of the students once they leave the one class environment.There is an indication that the author has located this issue through past research as he mentions the various literature that he has read in the past about this subject matter. I feel that this study may have been more beneficial as a mixed design approach. The ethnographic design did give an excellent insight into the values of the rural people and the day to day activities of the students and teacher. It was also very helpful to see firsthand how the recitation process worked.But there are other variables in the problem statement such as: recitation as a functional response to smallness, conservatism toward knowledge and learning, and parental and community expectations. An indication of how these variables correlate to the acceptance of this method of educat ion may have been handled more effectively with a correlational approach. The assumptions of the study seem to be more consistent with a mixed methods approach. 3 Evaluation of the Review of the Literature The author does present reviews on the effects and various studies regarding class size.I do not believe he provided literature that specifically analyzes his research problem. I also felt his literature base was scant. But he does state that very little if any existed for the one teacher one class school room. The study does follow the APA style. 4 Evaluation of the Purpose and Research Questions The purpose and research questions were not fully apparent to me. I have an idea of what he was attempting to answer but I feel his questions and purpose was lost in the narrative and I felt as if I was reading a very interesting story about a rural school.Perhaps this author attempted to answer the purpose within the narrative. If he did so, I don’t feel the question was fully ex pressed or answered. I see no evidence of subquestions whatsoever 5 Evaluation of Data Collection The data collection was quite informative. It gave daily schedules and also listed the children, their ages, grades, studies, and gave backgrounds about family histories, etc. I feel that the data collection is very understandable and clearly specified with adequate titles and understandable tables. They were an easy read.The author shows evidence of using protocol as his data is arranged in an orderly and organized fashion that matches what one is reading at the time. 6 Evaluation of Data Analysis and Findings The author did an excellent job in putting the text into themes. I am not convinced that his categories did enough to relate his central phenomenon. The author did get a lot of useful quotes from the teacher, parents, and students which showed support for this way of life. Multiple layered themes were derived in terms of why the parents and the teacher thought this was the best f orm of education. I did not find that the findings fully answered he research questions. In the end the question of recitation as a functional response to smallness was just not clear to me. In fact I saw it more as a function of tradition and a desire of the community to stick with what works for them. The findings were did not match the research problem therefore they were not accurate. The author in my opinion, started with one central question and somehow put together something else which amounted to a view of a country school and the impact on the cty and students and teacher on a daily basis. Multiple perspectives were not explored in terms of those outside of this community.All findings were represented in narrative discussions. 7 Evaluation of the Writing This account was written persuasively and convincingly. It was written from a first person point of view consistent with the qualitative research design. The writing was lively and there was use of the various literary appr oaches such as metaphor, simile, and various other literary details. The author carefully and figuratively describes the settings in a number of instances. He also carefully describes the physical appearance of at least one child to the delight of the reader.I enjoyed reading it as it read like an exciting story and gave me a delightful look into the educational, and daily life of the participants. The study is written from a personal point of view and it is written appropriately for the intended audience which is a journal entry. 8 Conclusion I really enjoyed reading this study. But in the end I felt that the author did not present his research in such a way that shed any light on his central question. If his purpose was just to show us the workings of the one-class system and why the rural community wanted it to stay he accomplished his mission.But his central purpose states that: â€Å" I investigate the residual form of the recitation in a modern one-teacher school in rural Neb raska as a patterned response to the conditions of smallness. Conservative in its orientation toward knowledge and student learning, the recitation is explored as a functional response to the context of smallness, implicit parental and community expectations, inevitable student transfer to large graded middle and secondary schools, and its symbolic defense of community at a time of rural social and economic decline. I could not find any indication that recitation was a patterned response due to conditions of smallness or as a functional response to the context of smallness. References Barker, R, & Gump, P. (964). Big school, small school: High school size and student behavior. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press. Cohen, D. K. (988). Teaching practice: Plus ca change †¦ In P. W. Jackson (Ed. ), Contributing to educational change: Perspectives on research and practice (pp. 27-84). Berkeley, CA: McCutcheon. Cuban, L. (1994). How teachers taught: Constancy and change in American classrooms.New York: Teachers College Press. Darling-Hammond, L. (1997). The right to learn: A blue-printfor creating schools that work. San Francisco: jossey-Bass. DeWalt, M. (997). One-room school: Current trend in public and private education (Research Report). Rock Hill, SC: Winthrop University. Drabenstott, M. (1999, 1st Quarter). Consolidation in U. S. agriculture: The new rural landscape and public policy. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review. Elmore, R E (996). Getting down to scale with good educational practice. Harvard Educational Review, 6

Assign3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assign3 - Assignment Example The proofs were presented through the view of the South Pole Telescope where by the brightest cluster galaxies have been found. They are undergoing a violent internal motion caused by a smashup from other galaxies. Abell 3627 generates an x ray which is blue along with hydrogen light. On the other side, Eso 137-001 galaxy has been seen for 260000 light years. It has a tail which the scientists have failed to understand to date. Clusters of galaxies are a collection of galaxies which are bonded by the gravity that is bounded by hot gases. The tails which were formed from the hot gas formed by the spiral arms of the galaxies. This causes an effect to the galaxy hence evolution changes the formation of the stars. 4. In relevance to the top down structure formation, the scenario first forms the large pancakes then followed by the fragment that forms the lumps which are sized. The scenario is important because of the information concerning the existence of the large sheets with low density. In respect to bottom up structure’s scenario, there occurs a formation of the galaxies which are small and dwarfs first, followed by the formation of the clusters. 5. The world was molten many years ago. It took some years for the earth to cool and pass through the process of conduction and radiation. In respect to laws of thermodynamics, the earth has around 24 to 40 million years. The amount of the salt in the oceans also shows that it must have taken them time for salt evaporation process to occur. Nowadays, oceans have only a small amount of salt. The thickness of existing sedimentary rocks is over three million years old. Marine mollusks have also a number of series of million years on the universe thus the world is old enough to have been completed many years. The decay of the radioactivity processes also passes a number of age measures of the rocks and

With reference to ONE country, discuss the ways that particular Essay

With reference to ONE country, discuss the ways that particular landscapes can come to symbolise national identity - Essay Example to its present view depending upon the predominance of particular nations and communities which were considered ‘literate’ and had the means and material to document their comprehension. The dominance of religion, race and its assertion on the human populations are still having far reaching consequences despite all the scientific progress. Ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, Inca, China and India have their own peculiarities associated with the geographical features of their particular regions. However the most visible effect on the world has been that of European dominance, particularly the English colonial era and its impact in influencing the mindset of the people who were subject to colonial rule. The Earth without its living mass is a very cruel and inhospitable territory. It is just a small speck in the vast magnanimity of the limitless universe. Visualized from a perspective of an alien, one cannot but wonder how life has evolved on this planet. There is a continuous struggle for existence between the forces of nature and the living things, be it plant or animal. Man being the supposedly most intelligent living form on this planet has modified nature in a manner suitable for the sustenance of its own species. Plants, animals, water and land have been tamed and manipulated by mankind to serve its own survival. However as a corollary the Earth has also imparted its own colour on mankind depending upon locale, resources and material and given rise to particular and distinct communities. The cultural identity thus owes much to mother earth. Mankind has further elaborated itself into the form of countries or nations which have come to symbolize the manner, in which people live, behave and work. This has lead to our present perspective of the world wherein we can clearly demarcate the national identities of people and come to expect particular behaviour patterns from people belonging to a nation. The longitude and latitude, water and mineral

Summary of 20 Hours in America Season 4 of West Wing Assignment

Summary of 20 Hours in America Season 4 of West Wing - Assignment Example He is later presented with the news about the efforts made by the Qumar Government to launch an inquiry into the plane crash they instigated. Thoughts race through his seemingly disturbed mind until his confidant assures him about the successful cover-up on the events preceding the plane crash. The drama plays out when Qumar releases a false claim that the crash was instigated by a false flag operation that aimed at fuelling tensions between the Americans and the Israelis. In a show of solidarity, the President’s confidants agree with the report, further dismissing them as false evidence despite their knowledge of what transpired. Furthermore, Bartlet finds a secretary, while CJ introduces Anthony to a big brother, Charlie. After Simon’s death, Anthony’s mentorship was gone. Deeper into the episode, a report is unveiled of two pipe bomb explosions. The tragedy occurred during a college fun day, thus killing and injuring 44 and 100 people respectively. The news of the tragic event sent chills in the administration. This presented a perfect chance for Sam to tailor a speech for this tragic development. He writes a motivational and inspirational that the President delivers. The speech was apolitical, made to express the need for healing within the nation. The episode ends with a shot of DC sunrise. Donna, Josh, and Toby alight from their shuttle bus and walk to work. They forget about the on-going elections. They are embroiled in discussing the ideal structure and responsibility of the American government.

Diversified groups Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Diversified groups - Coursework Example the members in a group are talented and skilled, are clear about the goals they want to achieve and their individualistic and collective responsibilities in that, and deem the work more important than their personal ego, the group succeeds in achieving its goal. On the other hand, a group is likely to fail in achieving its goal when its members are not talented and skilled enough to play their individualistic roles in the achievement of goal, fight with each other over petty matters, and deem their personal ego more important than work. Chances of success of a group, irrespective of the differences in the views, opinions, and approach of the members it is composed of, can be maximized with good management and leadership. Tom Ruddy, who has served at Xerox Worldwide Customer Services as a manager, comments on the strategy managers should adopt to make teams successful; â€Å"What we encourage [managers] to do is start off very slowly and keep the boundaries pretty tight†¦As the team starts to grow and expand, and take on responsibility, start moving those boundaries out† (Ruddy cited in HBR,

Economic Trends in an Executive MBA school Essay

Economic Trends in an Executive MBA school - Essay Example The recession would create an impact on employment and many capable firms would have a well of skills to hire from. Some firms might decide to be choosy and a graduate degree might just prove to be relevant so as to keep up with the competition for jobs. This has seen many people go for MBA which stands a better chance than having BBA only. (Kotler, Philip & Kevin, 2012)   One of the other areas affected by the recession are the accounts receivable. The customers of the companies might not fail to make payment the money owed to the company at the right time, or they may never be able to pay. This turns into a violation of the credit agreement. Moreover, delinquent or late payment reduces the valuation of corporation’s debt, bonds and its ability for financial access. This means that firms would be rendered incapable to sustain its operational costs and might just close down. Many people would lose their jobs. In the preparation of such circumstances, higher level of expertis e would deem inevitable to keep the firm running. Proper financial management measures could be employed to sustain the firm in the industry. All these expertise can be acquired by advanced training and education.  The need for increased household income has grown higher with people resorting to venturing into two or even three jobs. This requires an extended level of expertise in the different fields. The loan programs give an opportunity for people to go back for an MBA and upgrade their certificates so that they can be able to fit.... The customers of the companies might not fail to make payment the money owed to the company at the right time, or they may never be able to pay. This turns into a violation of the credit agreement. Moreover, delinquent or late payment reduces the valuation of corporation’s debt, bonds and its ability for financial access. This means that firms would be rendered incapable to sustain its operational costs and might just close down. Many people would lose their jobs. In the preparation of such circumstances, higher level of expertise would deem inevitable to keep the firm running. Proper financial management measures could be employed to sustain the firm in the industry. All these expertise can be acquired by advanced training and education. The need for increased household income has grown higher with people resorting to venturing into two or even three jobs. This requires an extended level of expertise in the different fields. The loan programs give an opportunity for people to go back for an MBA and upgrade their certificates so that they can be able to fit at the competition of the search for white collar jobs. Some universities like the University of New Mexico offers scholarships for MBA students. In Germany, education is free of charge therefore one can have no reason not to take an MBA. The loan program has attracted a lot of people to undertake further studies as its an incentive. The federal government plays a vital role in helping its employees live a stable life. As a result of the economic fluctuations in the private sector, the populace decide to search for white collar jobs to be able to earn a stable income. The government would also engage in the act of increasing

Case study 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

5 - Case Study Example The natural environment offers luxury, a sense of rejuvenation as well as romance and intimacy that comes with hotels. The tropical gardens and spas which also used the natural environment in the treatment by use of natural herbs and spices as well as the interior designing with the same natural environment theme attracted a wide number of customers from the old to the young generation. This is in addition to the prices that are not as exorbitant as is the case with luxurious hotels. What this unique branding strategy has done is to ensure that the Banyan Tree hotel chains are relaxing and hence attract many corporate people who want pure and total relaxation in areas away from limelight but which also present a sense of security and what better places than secluded areas with a heavy hint of the nature which is relaxing. This strategy which has been maintained in all their hotel chains has contributed to the sustainability of the brand as regular high clients are maintained and they attract new customers regularly as well. 2. The Banyan Tree has experienced many crisis events and has been able to continue on a path of growth and expansion. Based on its past experiences, what key elements would you include in a plan for crisis prevention and management plan for Banyan Tree and describe why proper planning is important in today’s global environment? The hotel chain has experienced a chain of crisis such as depression in the hotel business, tsunami, stiff competition, high expenses, restrictions by some countries on importations of food and other goods among others. These crisis demands different specific elements to prevent as well as manage them. When it comes to depression in the hotel industry, nothing much can be done in this area and the only way the brand can prevent itself from going under is to have established a regular customer base where even if the hotel fails to attract new customers, it is dependent on its

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Journal - Assignment Example Also the Catholic Church has contributed to the indifference towards the infant and child’s death by teaching and upholding its strictures against birth control measures and abortion. Mortality rates in Alto do Cruizeiro is due to inadequate nutrition, careless parenting particularly when babies get sick. Also major contributing factors are the prejudiced convertism of catholic churches on the teachings on birth control and abortion. The frequency with which the young infants die causes many mothers to affect indifference to their babies. In her book Hughes points a diseased society and in this way, she is acting as a troublemaker by simply instigating action describing horror and hopeful that her audience will be astonished enough to act by her words. As part of the community, she learnt of Northeast region and in that way, created a holistic demo of life in impoverished towns where she addressed historical background. Her topic of painstaking and subtle silence helped to shack light on the significance of community opinion. At first it seems her point was to troupe a large net to attract people into the cause of these people but this, however, was not the

3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3 - Essay Example rative characteristics associated with teacher motivation and teachers’ attitudes when it comes to working in low-income school contexts as well as teaching students from minority communities. 4. The first research question was to identify the teacher’s as well as schools’ characteristics that boost levels of responsibility among the teachers. Researchers hypothesized that those teachers showing a strong will to assume the full responsibility for the learning of all students have positive attitudes, dedication and experience. They also hypothesized that such teachers are found in schools where administrative support is strong. The second research question was to investigate the relationship between teachers’ responsibility and achievement levels among students. The hypothesis was that teacher responsibility has a significant influence on learning by students i.e. teachers who show high responsibility have positive and long lasting influence on the students’ perceptions about them as well as the school. 5. The research used the approach of case study in which teachers from six different school settings were studied. Interview and observation methods were used to collect and record the research data which was letter analyzed. Ethnography was also used to study the teachers’ attitudes in the low income schools. A mixture of research approaches were therefore employed in the study. 6. the study took the descriptive research design and survey method where the teacher characteristics in the different school settings were observed, recorded, interrogated and analyzed to answer the research questions. 7. The study was done on a population of teachers in kindergarten and first grades. A total of eight kindergarten teachers were selected; 3 Afro-Americans, 1 Asian-American and 4 whites. Four first grade teachers were selected all of which were white. A total of eight classes were used for the study i.e. seven kindergarten and four first grade classes. The

IRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IRS - Essay Example Taxation is one of the main ways in which the government gets money to fund its budget and offer service to the citizens. IRS is therefore a very important department of the government as it facilitates the government to collect funds from both individuals and corporations. IRS is also involved in formulating tax laws to help the government improve its tax collection methods and look in to new ways of helping the government get more finances through taxation (Malamut and Blach, 2008). Both corporations and individuals have the legal obligation of paying taxes to enable the government in its operations. There are however other institutions, individuals and corporations that have been legally exempted from paying taxes for various reasons. Since the IRS is only concerned with tax collections, it is expected that those exempted from paying taxes fall outside the legal mandate of the Internal Revenue Service. Among those exempted from paying taxes include Non Profit Organizations (NPO). These are organizations whose main objective is to serve the community through offering goods and services that help improve the living standards and the lifestyle of the people. Nonprofit Organizations are involved in activities such as sensitizing the community on health issues, enlightening the community with respect to their legal obligations, fighting discrimination among other issues. Unlike other organizations, the nonprofit organizations do not have profit making as their prime objective. Due to the good work these organizations are engaged in within the community, the law exempts them from paying taxes so as to motivate them to carry on with their good work. Despite profit not being their main objective, nonprofit organizations often report huge profits from their activities. Questions have arisen over whether these organizations ought to be taxed in such cases where they make huge profits (Malamut and Blach, 2008). A move to tax the organizations has been vehemently oppose d with most people being of the view that the profits only help the organizations improve the quality of their services. This has maintained the nonprofit sector outside the scope of the IRS. The national tax collection agency, IRS, has come under intense pressure from various sections of the country for its involvement in the affairs of nonprofit making organizations. The Internal revenue service (IRS) has recently been meddling in the management of nonprofit organizations (Chait & Taylor, 2005). The nonprofit organizations and other people see this as the IRS acting beyond its scope of work. The IRS however claims it is justified to monitor the leadership of these organizations despite them falling outside its scope. IRS has stated that its monitoring of the management affairs of nonprofit organizations is meant to ensure they comply with tax laws of the country (Hopkins, 2011). The organizations fall under the scope of the tax collection institutions since they are required by la w to adhere to observe tax regulations by strictly engaging in charitable missions within the community. The Internal Revenue Service aims at ensuring the organizations operate exclusively for charitable works. There is also great need to ensure that these organizations use their assets, including profits they earn, to help them accomplish charitable ends. By insisting on good governance, the IRS hopes to

Financial or Economic Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Financial or Economic Systems - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the collapses of 2008 resulting from the financial crisis were critical in pushing the button for corporates to alter corporate actions and restructure to access a wider market. It also alarmed governments to initiate radical reforms of existing corporate governance to salvage the situation. Transitory states awoke to the realization that the privilege of investors inclined to companies and economies that implement sound corporate governance. In relation to this, the challenge of the industry is double-edged: the harmonization of corporate governance to universal standards and the improvement of competitiveness to enhance the attraction of more investment. A great diversity exists in both the status of corporate economic systems and the measures to enhance them in most countries. Presumably, the stated diversity is a reflection of the variegated circumstances of every country. The circumstances include the development state of a nation, the relationship be tween government and business, the financial structure inclusive of funds procurement structures, the shareholding structure and the market for talent among others. Of interest are the commonalities that surface in the direction of system improvements. To say, the direction of enhancement in governance via mutual supervision and the improvements in mechanisms to this end is a typical feature in most countries with most countries endeavoring to enhance corporate systems. All this aim at maximizing long-term corporate value based on the perspective of an array of stakeholders. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the approaches to enhancing corporate governance differ in relation to a country's economic ideology as earlier mentioned. For instance, a capitalistic economy would approach governance from a different viewpoint compared to a command-based economy. From theory, it is widely known that command economies dictate that the government makes the decision on the goods and service to be produced, coupled with their distribution. In this economy, government officials evaluate the needs and resources of the country or state and allocate or distribute the resources according to the evaluation. Arguably, rather than a hedge on the requirements of individual consumers, service and goods delivery inclines to aggregate needs.

Lifespan Development & Personality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lifespan Development & Personality - Term Paper Example The paper also throws light on the major psychological theories concerning one’s physical development, cognitive development as well as one’s social, moral and personality development during childhood. The focus of the paper is to pinpoint the major factors that contribute to one’s development in all these fields of development. Both genetic factors and environmental factors influence the physical development as well as the personality and character of a child. The physical appearance such as eye color, hair color and gender of the child has very much to do with the hereditary influences. According to Freud the three parts that make up the personality of an individual are the id, the ego and the super ego. While the id is moved by the principles, the ego is governed by reality principles and the super ego tries to satisfy morality principles. Conflicts occur in the personality of an individual due to the inner struggles among these three factors and these conflicts manifest in the form of dreams, neurotic symptoms or defense mechanisms. For Freud there are five distinctive stages through which a person passes through his childhood and each of these is linked to the physical development of the body. For Freud, it is the libido or sexual urge that dictates terms over one’s behavior and he held that at each stage of the developmental process â€Å"a single body part is particularly sensitive to sexual, erotic stimulation† (Stevenson, 1996) and unless these physical needs at each stage of development are fulfilled the child subjects himself to frustration and fixation and this can adversely affect the development of adult personality too. The five psychosexual developmental stages framed by Freud are the oral stage (birth to 18 months), the anal stage (18 months to three years), the phallic stage (3 years to 6 years), latency period (6 years to onset of puberty), and the genital stage (from puberty on). As the childhood

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Philosophy - Essay Example Socrates states that if a man is in a position that he deems as the best, when placed by his leader, then such a man has to face danger willingly without any thoughts of death crossing in his mind. In Socrates’ arguments, it would be dreadful if a man did not face danger as he should have in the eyes of god and men due to his fear of death. No one is sure of whether death brings blessings to a man or if it is the root of evil (Plato 33). People fear it with the assumption that it is the greatest of evils yet there is no proof. Therefore, Socrates views himself as a wise man than the rest because he has no fear for what is unknown to man especially the underworld. However, he stresses of the fact that despite his claim to be wiser than other people, he still believes that it is wicked to disobey god or his human superiors. In Meno and Socrates’ argument, Socrates informs Meno of what he heard in regard to divine matters. He indicates that he heard it from the wise women and women who were priestesses and priests. His thought on their talk was that it was beautiful and truthful in all aspects. The wise men and women gave this talk on divine intervention based on what they practiced on a daily basis. The wise men and women indicated that the soul is usually immortal but comes to an end at one time when an individual dies (Plato 33). The wise men and women called it dying though the soul is regarded to be still alive. Since the soul never dies with the body, the individual has to lead a life that is pious. The doctrine of recollection can change Meno’s paradox if he understands that in the process of the soul learning a lot when an individual is not dead can also become energetic in the search for answers. Yes, the two are arguing about an issue that exists even in this modern-day society. Most people today have various questions related to death and life after death. There are so many myths that

Investigating Effect Essay Example for Free

Investigating Effect Essay Plan Aim: The aim of the experiment is to find out what effect temperature has on the action of a protease enzyme on exposed developed film. Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are made in livings things built up by amino acids to make protein. Enzymes are able to speed up reactions and can repeat reactions. There are various factors that affect the activity of enzymes they are: Y Temperature Y pH Y Specificity Y Concentration of enzyme or substrate Enzymes are specific, this means that they only work on one substrate molecule. A substrate molecule is what the enzyme actually works on. The factors I have chosen to investigate are temperature. This therefore means that the temperature will be the independent variable. In the experiment there will be a transparent plastic backing of developed film, which will have a black gelatine coat on it. The gelatine coat is protein, which is the substrate molecule. I will put the film into protease solution, which is the enzyme. By having the gelatine coat I am able to see what happens to the gelatine coat when the temperature increases. I can find out if temperature affects the action of a protease enzyme. Prediction: Enzymes have an optimum temperature, which is generally below 400C. The optimum temperature is when enzymes works best and fastest at. When the temperature rises the rate increases. This is because the substrate and enzyme molecules are moving faster because the temperature has increased. This means that the molecules have more energy. They therefore are likely to collide more often with each other and a reaction will take place. However if the temperature goes over the optimum temperature the reaction slows down and the enzyme denatures. This means that it has changed shape and therefore the substrate can no longer fit into the enzyme. The diagram below shows how the substrate molecules which is protein fits into the enzyme, which is a protease molecule. This type of mechanism is called the lock and key hypothesis. If the active site, which is the enzyme, is heated too much it will change shape and no longer fit the substrate. The substrate therefore no longer is able to react if there is no active enzyme. I predict that when the temperature increases the time taken for the gelatine to be broken down will decrease. This is because temperature is a catalyst, which helps to speed up the enzymes, which are biological catalysts. When the temperature is 300C I predict that it will take longer for the film to become transparent than when the film is in a temperature of 600C. However at a certain temperature in the experiment I predict that there will be an optimum temperature. This is when the enzyme works best at. After this point the enzymes start to slow down and eventually denature which means it is harder for the substrate molecules to fit into the enzyme molecules. As I predict that when the temperature increases the time taken for the gelatine to be broken down decreases until it reaches the optimum temperature I therefore predict that the rate of reaction will increase when the temperature increases until it reaches the point when the enzymes start to denature. When the temperature is increased the enzyme molecules will break down the black gelatine coat quicker and therefore the developed film will become transparent faster. When temperature is increased the substrate molecules of protein will collide more frequently with the enzyme molecules. So if the temperature is increased from 300C to 600C the enzyme molecule will break the black gelatine down faster to leave the transparent plastic backing. The two diagrams show the effect of temperature between substrate molecules and enzyme molecules. They are only rough diagrams of what will happen between the two molecules. Y Substrate molecule- Y Enzyme molecule- Method: Apparatus: The apparatus that I am going to use for the experiment will be a test tube, developed film with a gelatine coat, splint, syringe, stopwatch, thermometer and electric water baths. This equipment is suitable for this experiment because it is easily available, it is easy to set up and use and it is easy to collect results with. This is how the experiment will be set up I will firstly measure the volume of protease solution by using a syringe, which will be 10cm3 and then put it into a test tube. I will then get two developed films and hook wire onto each so I am able to get them out of the tube easily. The wire will be labelled so it is easy to see which film is which. I will then put the test tube into an electric water bath, which is at a specific temperature for example 300C. I will leave it in the bath for three minutes and then put the two films into the test tube. Every 30 seconds I will check to see if the film has become transparent. When the two films have become transparent I take them out of the test tube. I then check  the pH of the protease solution by getting a glass rod and dipping it into the solution and then put the solution onto pH paper. Preliminary experiment: For my preliminary experiment I set up the apparatus as above. As it was only preliminary I used one film. I chose two temperatures to put two test tubes of protease into, they were 600C and 300C. I put the two test tubes into the two different electric water baths and then after three minutes put film in each. This is how the results turned out: Temperature of water bath/0CTest tube in water bath with no developed film/secsTime taken for film to become transparent/secsRate of reaction/ 1/secs (S-1) 301808000.0013 601803000.0033 This table of results indicates that when the temperature increases the time taken for the film to become transparent is less. It also shows that when the temperature increases that rate of reaction also increases until it reaches the optimum temperature. This is what I expect will happen to the results in my final experiment. Variables: In this experiment the independent variable will be the temperature, the dependent variable will be the time it takes for the films to become transparent and the controls are: Y Concentration of protease Y Volume of Protease Y Film size The experiment should be carried out the same for each test tube and the pH should stay the same for all test tubes. The concentration of the protease solution will be 0.5% and the volume of each protease solution will be 10cm3. Range: The range of temperatures that I am going to use will be 300C, 400C, 500C, 600C, 700C. If I have a temperature any higher than 700C the enzyme would most probably denature. I havent got a temperature any lower than 300C because it would take too long for the gelatine to break down in the time given. Reliability: In my final experiment I am going to use a syringe to measure out the volume of protease needed. A syringe is accurate enough for this experiment. I will put two developed films into each test tube to improve reliability of my results. I will also use a stopwatch to time when I put the films into the test tube and when to check the films. The electric water baths are really easy to use and they control the variables very precisely unlike heating the test tube with a bunsen burner, as the temperature can go slightly up and down. Safety: Whilst doing the experiment I will have my hair tied back, I will wear a lab coat and I will also wear safety goggles throughout as I am using protease which if gets into your eyes it can be dangerous.

The Problem of Tōkōkyohi in Japanese Middle Schools Essay Example for Free

The Problem of TÃ… kÃ… kyohi in Japanese Middle Schools Essay Introduction Tokokyohi ( ) has become an increasingly prominent issue in Japan since the 1980s. Official figures showed that there were 84,026, or 1. 9% of Japanese middle school students suffering from tokokyohi in 1997 . However, tokokyohi, which is classified as form of â€Å"school non-attendance†, does not appear to be a problem that is unique to Japan. A similar form of â€Å"school non-attendance† affects less than 1% of the student population in Britain, which has the situation under control . In contrast, tokokyohi appears to be more problematic than the Japanese government wishes to acknowledge. Official Japanese figures appear to be artificially deflated as they do not account for tokokyohi sufferers who have special schooling arrangements . Moreover, among the 5,193 middle school students surveyed in 1988, almost two-thirds of them felt jaded about school but compelled themselves to continue schooling . This suggests that tokokyohi is a deep-seated problem in Japan as most middle school students have to confront the emotions that result in tokokyohi for some of their peers. It is important to distinguish tokokyohi from other forms of â€Å"school non-attendance† such as school absence due to truancy as well as medical and economic reasons. In contrast to students who shun school due to poor physical health or financial constraints, tokokyohi occurs when an irrational fear of schooling compels students to miss school for more than 29 days with their parents’ cognisance . This sets tokokyohi apart from truancy, where students deliberately avoid school without their parents’ knowledge to partake in frivolous activities with others . Unlike truants, students suffering from tokokyohi remain confined to their homes and are not characterised by misconduct . This paper will focus on tokokyohi in Japanese middle schools (students aged 13 15 years old). There are numerous reasons for tokokyohi ranging from societal problems to individual psychological difficulties. We will focus on three modern Japanese societal problems which lead to tokokyohi: children who are excessively dependent on their parents, shame society and educational mother. However, the unique structure of Japanese society must be taken into consideration in order to understand the severity of tokokyohi in Japan. Hence this paper will explore the link between these three modern Japanese societal problems and traditional Japanese values and mind-sets. This link emphasizes the continued importance of these traditional values and mind-sets in the modern Japanese society and how these values and mind-sets affect societal attitudes towards education, eventually leading to tokokyohi in middle schools. Over-Dependent Children About 50% of mothers whose children are in Japanese middle schools are full-time homemakers . Mothers’ domestic roles have become increasingly prominent after World War Two, motivating housewives to excel in these roles . This motivation drives them to emulate the role model of ryosai kenbo. Ryosai kenbo portrays an idealised virtuous woman who can handle household chores and nurture children well . To guarantee future success, mothers attempt to provide their children with excellent up-bringing and monitor their children’s behaviour closely to ensure proper learning. The reduced size of the modern Japanese family also implies that mothers can devote more energy to monitoring their children, resulting in more intimate mother-child relationships . Such intimacy drives parents to shield their children from adversity . The shielding results in children who are incapable of autonomous decision-making, eventually developing into an over-dependence on their parents . Over-protective parents also worsen their children’s dependency on them when they accede to both legitimate and illegitimate demands from their children. Some children exploit this by engaging in amae. Amae ( ) describes the actions of one who tries to influence another to care for him/her unknowingly . However, these parents do not stop this behaviour as indulging their children’s demands is seen as an expression of maternal love . This gradually emboldens the child as they know that their parents will yield to their demands, including tokokyohi. Having always been cared for meticulously, these children begin to display signs of tension and fear when away from their parents , especially in new and unfamiliar environments such as schools. These children experience difficulty being away from their parents for long hours when they attend school. Their tendency to maintain close physical proximity to their parents results in little personal time and few opportunities to socialise. Thus these children become socially inapt as they lack the requisite skills for interacting amicably with their playmates . This social awkwardness heightens their feelings of tension and fear when separated from their parents in a school setting. As a result, these children are more likely to develop a fear of schooling. Moreover, the hectic curriculum in Japanese middle schools exerts more pressure on middle school students as compared to elementary school students. This is because Japanese middle school students have to undergo demanding high school entrance examinations . The additional stress may leave these children incapable of managing negative emotions due to routine separations from their parents . These children would eventually resort to tokokyohi in order to escape this situation. Kyoiku Mama, (Educational Mother) In Japan, men are often assumed to be breadwinners while women are expected to stay home to tend to housework and childcare . Fathers, being the breadwinner, spend long hours on business entertainment , which is emphasised by Japan’s business industry . This forces them to be away from home frequently, giving rise to ‘fatherless families’ . Thus mothers assume a central role in the family , taking charge of the children’s welfare and education. However, the competitive Japanese education system means that children find it harder to succeed. This gives mothers an added sense of responsibility in guiding their children towards educational success. This gives rise to kyoiku mamas ( ), loosely translated into ‘education-mamas’ . Kyoiku mamas are known for their borderline neurotic behaviour of controlling every facet of their children’s lives so as to outdo their peers academically . Kyoiku mamas strive to send their children to elite schools with the highest rate of future admission into prestigious universities . Some kyoiku mamas may opt to work in order to afford cram schools (juku, ? ) for their children . They endeavour to provide the best home study environment for the children. This includes bringing their children refreshments when they study overnight to researching on subjects that their children struggle with to coach them . Modern kyoiku mamas† may even seek professional help in guiding their children as they lack confidence in child-raising . Her ultimate achievement would be for her child to enrol into the prestigious Tokyo University as this would ensure a bright future for her child . The mothers’ desire for their child to succeed is mainly due to the gender roles in Japan and is supported by the change in power structure in the family. In the Japanese society, women are denied career advancement opportunities due to gender discrimination, preventing them from achieving any career aspirations that they might have had . Hence, a kyoiku mama thrusts all her ambitions upon her children to achieve what she could not . However this is only possible due to the change from a patriarchal to a matriarchal family. As the fathers are frequently absent, mothers gain a larger authority in the family . They also suffer from loneliness and anxiety due to the lack of attention from their husbands . Thus mothers are then able to put all their energy into nurturing their child as an outlet of their pent-up loneliness, anxiety, and an extension of their ambitions. As discussed above, kyoiku mamas closely monitor their child’s life. However this tight control may be detrimental to the child’s psychological well-being. In a stressful environment where every action must benefit their studies, these children may develop a fear of school and studying . Clinical psychologists have observed that most tokokyohi sufferers came from ‘fatherless families’ . The determination of kyoiku mamas for their children to succeed may cause the children to reject the competitive Japanese education system, causing tokokyohi . Shame Society In Japan, an individual’s actions are governed by the need to avoid shame on oneself and the group that one belongs to. The Japanese society operates on a system of shame, where shame arises when one suffers a loss of dignity and respect . This sets Japanese society apart from Western societies that operate on a system of guilt. Guilt deters Western individuals from acting inappropriately in an autonomous environment . In Japan, failure to meet a personal goal or expectation of others results in self-reproach and disapproval from others, leading to shame. Japanese citizens are compelled to conform to socially acceptable conducts and norms to avoid shame . Therefore being unique or individualistic is greatly frowned upon. The Japanese do not view conformity as an inability to assert autonomy . Conformity indicates that one possesses the will to sacrifice for the greater good of the group . This self-glorification also motivates them to conform. In the Japanese society, a shameful act by individuals implicates the entire unit they belong to, including the school and family . This stresses the children since failure puts their families’ reputation and honour at stake. Poor results would reflect badly on the children’s academic ability. This would be attributed to parental failure in instilling appropriate work ethic. Fear of implicating their families through their academic incompetence might result in tokokyohi. Tokokyohi would conceal the children’s shortcomings since they avoid school activities and tests, hence preventing their families from being shamed. The demands of the society also force the individual to conform. Japanese are made to participate in activities that promote unity from young . They are inculcated with the idea that every individual should do their best to contribute economically. Paper qualification is needed to secure stable employment . This makes academic excellence a prerequisite for stable employment. Individuals who fail to achieve academic excellence will believe that they have failed to meet the lofty standards set by the society. This failure exacerbates the shame caused by their academic incompetence. To avoid this shame, children who are unable or unwilling to excel academically could resort to tokokyohi. Social status, which is highly regarded by families in Japan, is boosted when the children enrol into a competitive school . Many families strive to send their children into such a school. However, the competitive school environment would present the children with stressful social situations as they would be constantly judged by their peers and teachers . The children must always be at their best behaviour and will fret over the implications of their every word and action in order to be viewed positively. These children will be reluctant to attend school in order to avoid such situations, eventually developing school phobia, which contributes to tokokyohi. Traditional Basis: Shame. Shame as a means of social control can be traced to traditional values and mind-sets in Japan. These traditional values and mind-sets include the emphasis on group harmony and the notion that humans are fundamentally good. Shame is used to reinforce conformity among the Japanese. The need for conformity can be linked to the group mentality that is prevalent in Japan. This group mentality refers to the individuals’ focus on their role within the group . They learn to appreciate the importance of others and their reliance on one another . This appreciation starts within the family and eventually expands to the school and workplace . In order to ensure that the group functions effectively, Japanese society emphasises group harmony over individualism . The group’s interests are prioritised over those of its constituent members, giving rise to conformism. This emphasis is also reflected in the idea of honne and tatemae, which refers to the individual’s inner feelings and the appropriate social behaviour respectively . Honne is only expressed privately while tatemae is applied to interactions with strangers, colleagues and superiors . This conscious effort to avoid publicly expressing innermost emotions that might discomfort or shame others can be seen as conforming to social norms. This also shows how group harmony takes precedence over individualism. The emphasis on group harmony can also be seen in how shame lessens tension between the members of the Japanese society. The use of shame as social control makes the Japanese more empathetic to the shame felt by others . This empathy restrains individuals from displaying their greater abilities, thus reducing feelings of inferiority that might be felt by less able individuals in the group . Such a willingness to conceal their abilities also contributes to group harmony as less able individuals will not feel ostracised or intimidated by their more capable counterparts. Such restraint can also be attributed to the idea that flaunting one’s ability diminishes its worth . The influence of this idea on 15th century Kado art underscores its roots in Japanese tradition. The use of shame as social control is also derived from the Japanese idea that human nature is fundamentally good. This idea can be traced to traditional Confucian teachings in Japan . Shame seeks to appeal to this good and encourage conformity . As humans are fundamentally good, the Japanese believe that there is no need to threaten humans with individual penalties. Instead, they seek to use shame to remind themselves to stay true to their good nature. Shame is thus used as a guiding light as opposed to guilt, which is used as a deterrent. In contrast, the traditional Western belief that humans are fundamentally evil results in the use of guilt and the threat of penalties in Western societies to deter any potentially harmful acts . This accounts for different forms of social control between the West and Japan. Traditional Basis: Kyoiku Mamas and Over-Protective Mothers Kyoiku mamas and over-protective mothers can be traced from the oppression of women in Meiji Japan. Meiji Japan was a patriarchal society where women could only strive to become ryosai kenbos . Japanese women were only allowed into noble families to bear and rear children . These women, who were struggling to find their place and status in families, would put all their energy into nurturing their children . Both kyoiku mamas and over-protective mothers are modern manifestations of this oppression of women. For kyoiku mamas, the ideology of â€Å"good wife wise mother† still weighs strongly on them. Women are expected to juggle household chores and their children’s education even if they hold full-time jobs. A woman who allows others to care for her children would be looked down upon as not sufficing in her job as a mother . The Japanese believe that mothers should be blamed for bringing up unsuccessful children rather than the children shouldering the blame themselves for their lack of success . Mothers, who are burdened by such extreme responsibility, will push the children to and beyond their limits. To these mothers, only by successfully nurturing their children can they achieve the ideals of â€Å"good wife wise mother†. This gives rise to kyoiku mamas. Over-protective mothers strive to encourage their children to excel due to the mothers’ obligation to nurture them well, increasing interaction between mothers and children. This greater interaction would foster a closer mother-child relationship. The resultant strong maternal love might drive mothers to shield their children excessively from adversity. This shielding would cause children to become over-dependent on their mothers. Thus, the ryosai kenbo role model, which can be traced to the Meiji period, can result in over-protective mothers and over-dependent children. The pervasive ideology of the roles and responsibilities of Japanese women, together with the need to achieve it, leads to kyoiku mamas and over-protective mothers, which in turn contribute to the situation of tokokyohi in Japan. Traditional Basis: Amae Amae, which perpetuates the relationship between over-dependent children and their mothers, can also be traced back to traditional Japanese mind-set. Traditionally, the nation of Japan has been viewed as a giant family unit with the Emperor at the core . A common reverence for the Emperor unifies the numerous disparate Japanese families into a giant family unit . The Emperor enjoyed an exalted status despite his ceremonial position and reliance on officials to handle state affairs . Officials are expected to comply with the Emperor’s subtle demands in a dynamic relationship that embodies the concept of amae . Such reverence can be traced back to before the Tokugawa period [1603-1868 CE] and continues even today . This reverence drives Japanese families to emulate the relationship between the Emperor and his officials . With the child being important in the family as discussed earlier, the family’s emulation of this relationship results in the child assuming a position in the family that is similar to that of the Emperor in Japan. This allows the child to engage in amae, which facilitates the child’s over-dependence on the mother and contributes to paternal approval for demands such as tokokyohi. Thus amae can be seen to be rooted in the traditional Japanese reverence for the Emperor, and continues to be present in modern day families. Conclusion In our paper, we have shown that although Kyoiku Mamas, shame society and over-dependent children are some of the direct causes of Tokokyohi, the foundations of these factors can be traced to traditional Japanese values and mind-sets such as reverence for the Emperor, ryosai kenbo and Confucianism. These traditional values and mind-sets, which were prominent in the past, continue to hold great importance today. This is evident in how these traditional values and mind-sets continue to influence modern Japanese education. The continued importance of these values and mind-sets also show that tokokyohi is a complex problem that is rooted in the foundations of Japanese society. The severity and complexity of Tokokyohi also means that the Japanese government must play a bigger role in tackling this issue. Future research could explore why the Japanese government appears reluctant to acknowledge the scale of this problem and assess the viability of solutions that focus on advising the families of these tokokyohi sufferers. ? Bibliography Allen, Eileen K. , Glynnis . E. Cowdery, and Jennifer M. Johnson. The Exceptional Child: Inclusion in Early Childhood Education. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2011. Allison, Anne. Producing Mothers. Chap. 6 In Re-Imaging Japanese Women, edited by Anne E. Imamura. 135-55. Berkeley: Univ of California Pr, 1996. Aoyagi, Hiroshi. Pop Idols and Gender Contestation. In Japan at the Millennium: Joining Past and Future, edited by David W. Edgington. 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Analysis Of The Cartesian Dualism

Analysis Of The Cartesian Dualism There is the relationship between a reason and an action when the reason explains the action by giving the agents reason for doing what he did. The reason explains the action in this way (a reason that rationalizes the action) also causes the action. There is some confusion, then, about reasons for action. The idea of a reason for action seems to some most naturally to pick out considerations that count in favor of acting in a certain way, while to others it picks out psychological states that explain action. We believe that the relation has to be causal, in order to pick out, from among the many reasons that a person might have acted upon, those that the person did, in fact, act upon. It is convenient to begin by considering dualism. The major position here is Cartesian dualism, named after Descartes, the central figure in post-medieval philosophical discussion of the mind-body problem. For a Cartesian dualist the mind and body are both substances; but while the body is an extended, and so a material, substance, the mind is an unextended, or spiritual, substance, subject to completely different principles of operation from the body. It was this doctrine that Gilbert Ryle caricatured as the myth of the ghost in the machine. It is in fact a serious and important theory. In the Cartesian Dualism, the brain is part of the physical body but the mind or the spirit is not. The mind interacts with the physical body through the brain, more specifically, through the pineal gland in the middle of the two hemispheres of the brain. The body could be divided up by removing a leg or arm, but the mind or soul is indivisible. The mind is not only indivisible but also invisible and immortal. The body is the exact opposite being visible, mortal and divisible. The mind in Descartes explanation is a thinking thing (lat. res cogitans) and immaterial. This thing is capable of doubting, believing, hoping and thinking on its own. The body is extended matter: the soul is unextended spirit. When, however, the extended is acted upon by the unextended, some definite point of interaction is required and it is to be found in the pineal gland. Yet the soul is united to all parts of the body conjointly. The whole body is the souls proper housing so long as the body remains intact. When a member of the bodyan arm or a leg, for exampleis cut off, there is no loss of part of the soul as a consequence because the soul is unitary and indivisible. It then occupies what is left of the body. So without attempting to resolve all the problems, he simply stated that there is a dualism of mind and body, and their interaction is clearly real. The brain is the major locus for the mind or consciousness of the soul, yet mind or consciousness is distributed throughout the whole body. The point of interaction between the two is the pineal gland. Monism is defined as the doctrine that there is only one ultimate substance or principle, whether mind, matter, or some third thing that is the basis of both (or) the doctrine that reality is an organic whole without independent parts (Websters New World Dictionary). The concept of psychological dualism asserts that man is more than the sum of his genotype. Dualistic man has a mind that is separate from his body. This mind may be housed or contained within the body, but it is not contingent upon the physical body for its existence. The mind can act upon the body, and the body can act upon the mind, but they are separate entities that have been traditionally believed to separate at death at which point neither has any influence over the other. The most important aspect of this philosophy is its recognition of a non-biological component of the human person. By the turn of the twentieth century, it had become clear that talk of the mind is too broad and that there may be issues to do with experience and sensation that are distinct from those that arise in connection with such mental states as believing, desiring, and the like (the so-called propositional attitudes). It was thought that, while functionalism, for example, might provide a plausible account of belief, it encountered real difficulties when it came to accounting for experience. Functionalism is a material monist theory of mind: it asserts that everything is physical. It is highly significant both in that it develops behaviourism and that it paved the way for empirical work in neuro-physiology and cognitive science. It was created as Hilary Putnam interpreted conscious states in terms of the (then new) science of computational theory. The function of the brain, states the theory, is consciousness. This approach is useful because by reducing the mind to a function it does away with the issue of how that function is performed. A function can be defined abstractly, without concerning itself with how that function is discharged in the same way that an equation can specify the relationship between X and Y without needing to specify how that equation might be solved. Thus, functionalism avoids the question of how the brain might achieve the feat of consciousness that dogs other materialist theories. Functionalism is also both a response to and a development of behaviourism. Behaviourism argues that conscious states can be understood in terms of sensory input and behavioural output. This leads to a significant issue; namely that it ascribes conscious states to any input/output system (e.g. a water tank). Functionalism adds an intermediary step, arguing that sensory input is processed by a function before output. Thus, two crucial differences to behaviourism are introduced: the function can lead to one or many outputs and some or all of the output can form the input to another internal function without the requirement for external expressive behaviour. With this simple device the diversity of the mind can theoretically be accounted for. An everyday illustration of this process might be a car. It receives multiple inputs in the form of petrol, oil, water, etc and outputs motion, gases, heat, etc. During this transformation process (function) we can also see an example of feedback: some of the motion of the car is used to power the alternator to generate electricity, which in turn forms one of the inputs to the combustion process. So now we have a brief understanding of the theory let us examine why this important theory came about. Firstly there is the need to respond to behaviourism and to overcome its shortcomings. Functionalism can also be seen as developing along with other new concepts of the time. The new science of computers and computational mathematics supplied concepts that could be applied to the brain as a complex system. Functionalism was also applying empiricism to a new area, paralleling the method of the huge advancements made in science in the twentieth century. Each mental state (or process) correlates with some neurological state (or process) Different mental states correlate with different neurological states (though one and the same mental state can have different neural correlates). The correlations are based on causal interactions between minds and brains. Mental occurrences can simply be taken as brain processes (Identity Theory). Mental states/processes are brain states/processes. Hence, we can identify sensations and other mental phenomena with (physical) brain processes.